First, the basic situation of folk culture in Xianju County
(1) Historical overview: As early as 7,000 years ago, people lived and multiplied in this land. In the fourth year of Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong changed the name of the county to Xianju, which means "the place where immortals live". Because of its "famous mountains in the cave, Wei Zhou is shielded, and most of them are inhabited by immortals". It has been 1660 years since the county was founded. In the long years of thousands of years, generations of ancestors have created splendid culture on this land, leaving a rich historical and cultural heritage.
(B) the status of folk culture still exists.
First, folk culture is rich in resources. Xianju has a long history. Textual research on the Neolithic site in Xiatang, China has a history of four or seven thousand years. According to the survey of folk art resources completed in the county, there are as many as 33 1, and the ongoing survey of intangible cultural heritage shows that the amount of folk cultural resources is even greater.
Second, the cultural form is unique and diverse. Xianju geography is surrounded by mountains, isolated from the outside world and inconvenient to communicate, forming a relatively independent cultural development environment. The cultural form in the territory has distinctive characteristics and outstanding personality, which combines the simplicity of mountain and river culture with the aura of river culture, and the inheritance of Central Plains culture and the origin of Ouyue culture. In Xianju, mountains and streams are continuous, forming many relatively independent residential areas. Moreover, the territory is vast, the residence is scattered, and many independent cultural microenvironments have formed the cultural form diversity characteristics of "a hundred miles without ventilation and ten miles with different customs".
Third, there are many cultural categories. Historically, Xianju was an important channel connecting the southeast coast of Zhejiang and the southwest hinterland of Zhejiang. Yong 'an Waterway and Cangling Ancient Road in the territory constitute the famous salt road in eastern Zhejiang. Prosperous commercial circulation activities have brought rich cultural exchanges, and a large number of original non-native cultural forms and schools have continuously flowed into the local area and merged into the cultural life of Xianju, enriching the local cultural existence and expanding the cultural categories. It has formed a large framework of folk culture based on folk literature, folk music, folk dance, traditional drama, folk art, acrobatics and competition, folk art and folk medicine.
Second, the basic practices of folk culture inheritance in Xianju County
After liberation, especially since the reform and opening up, several folk culture surveys have been conducted. Especially in recent years, the national survey of folk art and intangible cultural heritage can also be said to be a general survey of folk culture. The protection during and after the period is the inheritance and protection of folk culture.
1, based on the census, find out the family background and establish the system. Finding out the resources, defining the direction, perfecting the construction and standardizing the management are the important goals of previous census work. Invest a lot of census power, and visit villages and make full coverage survey and registration in accordance with the census requirements of "no leakage of towns, clues and species" to fully understand and master the types, quantity, distribution, living environment and protection status of various folk cultural resources. First, create a project file and save it in the system. An electronic library integrating sound, painting and writing has been established for the items identified in the census, including written materials, TV materials and video materials.
The second is to establish a directory system and publish the representative directory of county-level intangible cultural heritage of the first batch of 32 projects in Xianju County. The first batch of key national folk art protection projects at the county level in Xianju County were announced. Seven national folk art towns and national folk art brand activities, national folk art tourism classic scenic spots, national folk art ecological protection zones, national folk art exhibition venues, national folk art industrial bases and other related key projects were announced.
The third is to establish a protection system and start to formulate the "Code for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Xianju County" (currently in the revision stage). For a number of key protection projects such as Xianju Lantern, a special protection plan and a five-year protection plan have also been formulated, which will be implemented in stages.
2, based on protection, do a good job in development, and actively declare. For projects with important value, we will sort out the batch of projects and sort out the origin, skills, characteristics and value. For projects with distinctive features and outstanding value, we should carefully plan the packaging and actively declare them step by step. At present, 6 municipal directories, 8 provincial directories and/kloc-0 national directory (Xianju lamp) have been successfully declared. Five projects are actively applying for the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, forming a systematic protection system on the basis of actively strengthening research work. For example, after more than 20 years of hard work, Xianju Lantern has successfully excavated 27 traditional varieties and 52 branches, with small and beautiful shapes and won provincial and national gold medals many times. In March 2006, Boneless Lantern was collected by China Academy of Fine Arts. In June 2006, it was approved as a national intangible cultural heritage. Among them, the Dragon and Phoenix Lantern in 2005 was selected as the special stamp of "China Lantern Festival" in 2006 by the State General Post Office, which is the first time in Taizhou. At the same time, the boneless lamp on the front beach was made into an art propaganda film and presented to embassies and consulates of various countries and visiting cultural officials, becoming a special "messenger" for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
3, based on activities, build a platform, do a good job of inheritance. First, attach importance to national traditional festivals. Traditional festivals are an important and excellent cultural heritage in folk culture. Pay attention to recording the cultural heritage of traditional festivals with multimedia. Make full use of modern scientific and technological means to record traditional festivals and customs with important value in the form of words, audio and video, and the performance and production process of artists in traditional festivals. Record or preserve "invisible" and "intangible" "finished products" in intangible cultural heritage in a tangible way. Secondly, relying on traditional festivals, actively carry out folk culture exhibition activities with national and regional characteristics. For example, in June 5438+ 10, 2002, the Xianju China North-South Folk Song Competition was co-sponsored by the National Folk Literature and Art Development Center of the Ministry of Culture, the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Culture and the Taizhou Municipal Government, and was undertaken by the Xianju County Party Committee Government. In 2007, a series of cultural activities were held to celebrate the Millennium. At the beginning of 2007, the Spring Festival Hundred Clubs were held, making it a real festival for ordinary people. At the same time, pay close attention to the construction of folk art venues, such as lantern exhibition halls and folk costume exhibition halls, so as to make them the center of inheriting and displaying folk culture.
The second is to strengthen the construction of inheritance teams and bases. Inheritance is one of the important ways to protect folk culture. According to the characteristics of folk culture inheritance, we should adhere to the people-oriented principle. While paying attention to the construction of soft environment, we also actively build hardware environment. We combine the development and utilization of folk culture with tourism to explore and enhance the cultural connotation of tourist attractions; In combination with education and training, various professional training courses are offered to cultivate a large number of national folk art inheritors. For example, in order to further do a good job in the excavation, rescue and inheritance of "Tang Lantern", the Tiantan Town Party Committee recruited 12 high school graduates as students of acupuncture boneless lamps, and conducted hands-on training, while constantly exploring and developing various varieties of "Tang Lantern". In the more than 20 years since 1984, Baotan Township has excavated and developed 27 varieties of "Xianju acupuncture boneless lamp" with regional cultural characteristics, accounting for 10.
The third is the activity exhibition. In recent years, Xianju cultural workers have actively innovated the ways and means of work organization, promoted traditional festivals and folk art exhibitions with the "five cultural linkages", provided a platform for inheritance, found the joint point of carrying out prosperous cultural activities and inheriting folk customs, and created a new situation of rural cultural life with departmental linkage, urban-rural linkage, village-to-village linkage and perennial activities. Colorful activities have better promoted the inheritance and development of folk culture, and promoted the activity of mass activities and the prosperity of literary and artistic creation.
Third, the problems and difficulties in the inheritance of Xianju folk culture
The inheritance of folk culture, on the one hand, is promising and in the ascendant, and has achieved remarkable results in stages; On the other hand, the challenge is severe and not optimistic. Under the situation of accelerating industrialization and urbanization, driven by the interests of market economy, people's living habits and lifestyles are changing, and the environment and soil on which folk culture depends have undergone fundamental changes. The folk culture of Xianju, like the folk culture of the domestic environment, has a broken inheritance. Mainly in the following aspects.
1. Folk culture with cold inside and hot outside. Villages and towns have completely different life scenes from urban life experience, such as costumes, buildings, living customs, festivals, games, etc., bearing unique folk customs. Some excavated and packaged folk art performances are very popular, but countless folk cultures are gradually disappearing with the unstoppable modernization. Many folk cultures are increasingly divorced from their natural environment and humanistic environment, extracted from their living conditions, become a dramatic, ritualized and ornamental cultural commodity, and lose their fresh vitality.
2. Traditional festivals are getting colder. With the improvement of people's living standards and the intensification of world cultural integration, the traditional functions undertaken by traditional festivals have been greatly weakened and gradually lost their profound traditional historical and cultural connotations.
3. Folk culture gradually disappears. After liberation, many folk customs were labeled as "four old" and walked out of our lives. After the reform and opening up, social development, population mobility intensified, folk customs weakened, folk art lacked successors, and traditional festivals declined. In the wave of modernization, folk culture faces difficulties: folk artists disappear sharply, folk cultural forms die out rapidly, and folk art declines day by day. With the departure of some old artists, some precious cultural heritage is slowly losing. All kinds of folk cultures left by ancestors, local arts and folk artifacts that have gone through thousands of years, have not been completely recorded and preserved. Once destroyed, they cannot be regenerated.
Fourth, further improve the ideas and countermeasures of folk culture inheritance
Due to historical reasons and the development of the times, there are several main problems in the present situation, protection and development of Xianju folk cultural resources: most of them are in the original state; Strong dispersion, lack of scale; The awareness of social protection is relatively weak; Lack of funds to explore and study folk cultural resources; Many resources are in a closed and protected state and have not been rationally developed and utilized. The inheritance and protection of folk culture need a lot of manpower, financial resources and material resources, and need to form a series of regulations and mechanisms. We will further do the following work to ensure the smooth development of folk culture inheritance in Xianju County.
1. Establish an effective organizational working mechanism. Organizational mechanism is the guarantee for the smooth development of all work. Xianju folk cultural resources should follow the guiding principle of "protection first, rescue first, rational utilization, inheritance and development", start to formulate the Protection and Utilization Plan of Xianju County folk cultural resources, issue the Measures for the Protection of Cultural Relics in Xianju County and the Measures for the Protection of Intangible Culture in Xianju County, and gradually establish a relatively complete folk cultural heritage protection system with local characteristics. A county-level leading group and office for the protection of folk culture, a county-level intangible cultural heritage protection center, a folk culture-related expert database and a "Xianju County Folk Culture Resources Protection Management Committee" were established to give full play to the comprehensive coordination role and further strengthen the leadership and guidance for the protection of folk culture. Strengthen cooperation and communication between towns, cultural relics, construction, tourism and other departments, increase the scope, scale and intensity of rational utilization of folk cultural resources, integrate resources in various blocks, and form a resource sharing mechanism.
2. Scientifically formulate protection project planning. Strengthen the leadership over the protection of folk customs, put the protection work on the important agenda, establish a coordination mechanism and implement effective protection; Formulate the protection plan of folk culture, and incorporate the protection of folk culture into the national economic and social development plan; According to the actual needs of folk culture protection, strengthen the construction of protection management institutions and professional teams; Set up special protection funds according to needs; Further understand the importance and urgency of doing a good job in the protection of folk culture, and organize the implementation in accordance with the protection project planning with a highly responsible spirit and meticulous scientific attitude in combination with local conditions. Under the guidance of the Planning for the Protection and Utilization of Folk Cultural Resources in Xianju County, the folk cultural relics with great influence will be developed in advance, or the environment will be repaired or restored, or their cultural connotations will be deeply excavated and displayed; Implement the development project of "breaking the whole into parts" and "connecting points" for cultural relics and historic sites. For example, around the East Gate of Chengguan, a number of cultural relics and historic sites in Xiancheng can be formed according to the route of "Three Towers and Two Doors (Two Doors), Two Pools (Pangchi in Confucius Temple, Shichi in Chenghuang Temple) and Yi Deng (Stone Lamp Column)", and then a number of cultural relics and historic sites in Xiancheng can be packaged and developed moderately. The construction of "Xiang Si Park" and "Ke Jiusi Memorial Hall" will make the celebrities in Xianju look like Fu Yingshan, making the ancient pagodas, gardens and statues set each other off. Xianju acupuncture boneless lamp should be deeply developed, and its lighting and packaging should be improved to make it a commodity and enter thousands of households.
3. Increase financial input. The protection and development of Xianju folk cultural resources should be given priority, and key protection and excavation projects should be established. The county finance should ensure that the investment in the protection of cultural heritage during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period is significantly higher than that during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and at the same time, it should increase the special funds for the study of Xianju folk culture every year to ensure the normal development of folk cultural resources mining. Counties and townships are the main sources of finance, and also absorb social funds, and gradually form an investment mechanism of "county-oriented and graded responsibility".
4. Establish a directory system. Excavate, sort, classify and package folk cultural items from the general survey of intangible cultural heritage, mature and publish a batch, and form a complete directory system at county and township levels.
5. Establish inheritance mechanism. The intangible cultural heritage projects listed in the national and provincial lists of our county shall be commended and rewarded, supported by funds, etc. And encourage representative inheritors to carry out learning activities and actively declare folk artists.
6. Form social synergy. Give full play to the enthusiasm of literary and art circles, professional associations, time-honored brands, folk art research associations, news media and cultural units to cultivate talents, and actively cultivate folk cultural talents and backbone teams. Compile a series of folk culture books and establish a county-level folk culture protection website; Encourage and support the use of various media to publicize and display folk culture and its protection. Popularize protection knowledge, cultivate protection consciousness, enhance national cultural identity and promote social enjoyment.
7. Actively innovate working methods. Starting from the characteristics of folk culture inheritance activities in Xianju County, combined with the requirements of the new situation for folk culture inheritance, we actively explore working ideas and innovate working methods to find a new way that conforms to the law of folk culture development and is suitable for Xianju reality. 8. Expand a number of folk culture brand activities. Based on large-scale folk cultural activities around the country, we will further highlight the theme, carry forward the characteristics, form a brand effect, and promote the protection of folk cultural heritage. Further enlarge and strengthen the brand of folk culture activities, and make it a platform for regional, provincial and even national folk culture exhibition and exchange.
9. Establish a number of folk culture industrial bases. Rational development and utilization of folk cultural resources, with inheritance as the core and industry as the link, build a number of folk cultural industrial bases and carry forward traditional culture. Strengthen policy service and guidance, support folk culture, especially handicraft production enterprises to go to the market, attract social funds to invest in the development of folk culture industry, and promote the industrialization of folk culture. Accelerate the formation of a series of folk cultural products with Xianju characteristics and advantages, and actively expand domestic and foreign markets.