Metaphor consists of three parts:

1, ontology

2. Vehicles

3. Metaphorical vocabulary

The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )

Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.

Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;

1) personification:

Write things as adults, endow things with human thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.

Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.

Example:

1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. Zhu Ziqing's Spring

Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Hope in Spring

The sun blushed. Zhu Ziqing's Spring

(2) simulacra:

(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.

example sentence

1. The crowd rushed up in despair.

Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

② Write things A as things B. ..

. Exaggeration:

Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.

Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects. I help him solve the problem of map illustration, and you can also enter 9999 words.

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Recommended answer 2010-6-210: 34 The names of Chinese figures of speech are listed as follows: Metaphor can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), metonymy (also known as reverse metaphor), irony and mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy). Painting, analogy (also called comparison), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (also called contrast), setting off (divided into positive contrast and negative contrast), inverted words, inverted sentences, overlapping sounds, overlapping words, truth (also called Julian and thimble), contrast, duality (also called duality and parallelism), renovation and repetition. Overlap, compound deviation, * * * use, combined statement, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, reduction of use, metonymy, rhetorical question, ambiguity, parallelism, couplet, imitation (also divided into: imitation, imitation), list, connection, exaggeration. Words that are not replaced are called overlapping or repetition (pay attention to the difference between the two).

[Edit this paragraph] Features of common rhetorical functions

1. Metaphor: Metaphor consists of three parts: 1, ontology 2, vehicle 3, figurative words (the biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicle, but personification does not. ) function: make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply. There are three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy: examples of category characteristics ontology metaphor vocabulary vehicles

The little girl looks like a flower.

Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.

For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.

Ex.: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. -Lao She's Winter in Jinan 2. Analogy: imaginative, writing things as adults, or writing people as things, or writing things as things. Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid. Analogy can be divided into personification and personification (1): personification: writing things as adults, endowing things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describing things with words describing people. Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. For example: 1. Peach trees, apricot trees and pear trees are all in full bloom, and you won't let me and I won't let you. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing 2. Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. -"Spring Hope" Du Fu 3. The sun blushed. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing (2) Imitation (borrowing things than people): ① Compare people with crops, or write this thing as another thing. For example: 1. The crowd rushed up in despair. Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs. ② Write thing A as thing B. For example: 1 The volcano erupted. Not far away, they saw a man's face under the generous lotus leaf, and his lower body grew in the water. ("Lotus Lake" Sun Li) 3. Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature and characteristics of things. Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects. (1) exaggeration: exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned. (2) reduce exaggeration: reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. You can only see a world the size of a palm. (3) Exaggeration in advance: what appears after saying appears first, and what appears first appears after saying. She was drunk before she served her glass. 4. parallelism: arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same. Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect). Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad. 5. Duality: a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings. Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music. Main method: 1, right. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach. 2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences. For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox. 3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality. For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish. 6. Repetition: To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence. 1. keeps repeating (there are no other words in the middle). Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left. 2. The interval of repetition (there are other words in the middle). For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country. Function: Mainly used in poetry, it plays the role of reciting repeatedly and expressing strong feelings. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can also make the format of poetry orderly, ups and downs, and beautiful language. 7. Ask questions: In order to attract others' attention, deliberately ask questions first and then answer them yourself. Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters. Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis. 8. rhetorical question (challenge, rhetorical question, cross-examination): express definite meaning in the form of question, express negation in the form of affirmation, express affirmation in the form of negation, only ask but not answer, and the answer is implied in rhetorical question. Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words. As for me, don't I have anything to blame? 9. Quote: Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into two types. Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant. Explicit quotation (direct quotation). For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. Dark quotation (indirect quotation). Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged. 10. Metonymy: Do not directly say the person or thing you want to express, but borrow the person or thing closely related to it instead. Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part. Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects. Methods: ① Generate the whole locally. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things. If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. -"Looking at the Tianmen Mountain" (2) Characteristic Generation Ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing). For example, the compass turned around angrily, and at the same time, slowly walked out at some point ... —— Hometown (3) The specific generation is abstract. For example, it has been ten years since the south began to smoke. -"meiling three chapters" (4) tools instead of ontology. For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. -"Yu Qian Les" (5) Generic name. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing. For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! -The Last Speech 1 1. Irony: Use words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention to express the original intention, and enhance the expression effect through irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings. For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful. 12. Contrast: Contrast is a figure of speech that compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together. For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. -"Some People" Cang Kejia must deeply understand the contradiction of what he wants to express by contrast. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared. Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ... 13. Association: seeing something and then associating it with something, that is, imagination. The sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire. 14. Synaesthesia: The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other. Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty. For example, the most typical example is: "the breeze blows, bringing a faint fragrance, as if it were a faint song from a distant building." (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) Incense is the sense of smell, and singing is the sense of hearing. The author communicates two feelings, namely synaesthesia. In addition, there is "the morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore). The word "wet" is used to describe a clock. The bell you hear passes through the rain curtain and clouds, so it is "wet", and the touch and hearing are connected. "Good as a drum piano, towering like a mountain, soup like running water" ("Lv Chunqiu Ben Wei"). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and your hearing and vision are interlinked. 15. Pun: Using the polysemy and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions of words, it is intended to make sentences have double meanings, and the words here mean another, namely pun. Function: It can make the language express implicit humor, deepen the meaning and impress people. 1. Homophonic pun. For example, "I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost her willow, and Liu Yang's embarrassment soared into the sky. "("Yang "refers to Yang Kaihui," Liu "refers to Liu Zhixun)" Silkworms in spring must spin silk until they die, and candles must drain the wick every night. " "Silk" means "thinking" to express the love between men and women) 2. Phonetic pun. It is a rhetorical way, which deliberately leads to the meaning of one thing and the meaning of another according to the polysemy conditions of words. This rhetoric often appears in two-part allegorical sayings. For example, cooking jiaozi in a teapot-an old lady can't wear lipstick on her mouth-will give you some color to see 16. Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be handed down, end to end, and symbolized as "ABC, CDE". This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead. The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things. Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies. Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together. Friendship is a dance, and dance produces the fire of passion. Friendship is a fire that burns forever. Dreams are wings that fly in the eternal blue sky. Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea. Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely. Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea. Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds; Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain; Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought; Love is a tree that supports the shade for you. 17. Intertextuality: Intertextuality, also called intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry. In ancient Chinese, the meaning of a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality. The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text. "Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing. For example, the moon was bright in the Qin dynasty and closed in the Han dynasty. Smoke cage, cold water, moon cage sand. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years. The host got off the bus, the passengers got on the boat, and we raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music. When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality. For example: (1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. Song Yu's "The Loser" means: "She fooled all the dudes in Yangcheng and Cai Xia with a smile. "(2) Kennosuke, such as chanting, Zhong Xuan's pen, such as structure. "Wen Xin Diao Si" means: "When Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write, it seemed that they had already remembered it in advance." (3) Qi Weiwei and Han Jing have different surnames. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States drafted troops to guard the border. "(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, running from north to south. Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher" means: "Violent police came to our village, making noise everywhere and harassing people everywhere." "East, west, north and south" here means "everywhere". (5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower") means: "I am not sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor am I happy or sad because of my personal situation." 18. Cycle: You can read it forward or backward, but it's all smooth, not smooth! For example, the water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden. Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng. Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars. The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others. 19. Empathy: In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings, but actually do not exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy. Using empathy rhetoric, we first move subjective feelings to things, and then use infected things to set off subjective emotions, so that things and people can be integrated, which can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects. He knows that the dew will frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! . (Du Fu's "Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night") 2 The petals have fallen like tears, and the lonely bird has sung sorrow. (Du Fu's "Spring Hope") 3 Wei Qing is ruthless, and he is worried about the east. (Du Fu's Twenty Poems of Qinzhou) (4) He stared at the desolate moon from his temporary palace, and the rain broke his heart. (Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow") 5 Turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, rest without sleep, should not hate, why not be partial to him? (Su Shi's "Water Melody") 6 Red beans are ugly and full of acacia tears. (Niu Xiji's "Tea Son") The above two poems mean that the dew is particularly light tonight, and the hometown moon is particularly bright. Why is this happening? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of An Shi Rebellion, he had to give up his official position in the autumn of 759 BC and live in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) under the condition that his country's future and personal destiny were constantly hit. In this desolate and desert border town, the poet moved his homesickness to the dew and moonlight, which set off his homesickness with the infected dew and moonlight, blending things with people, thus better expressing his strong homesickness. The meaning of the two poems in Example 2 is: lamenting the national turmoil, splashing flowers hurts the heart and tears; Hate a family apart, and birds will disturb your heart. It is a natural phenomenon that flowers bloom and birds sing, without human emotions. Only by using empathy rhetoric can poets write such touching poems. Example (3) says that the Weihe River water only "flows eastward alone" when people are worried; Example 4 says that the moon shines "sadly" and the bell rings "heartbreaking"; Example 5 says that the moon tends to become round when people leave; Example 6 says that red beans are not red beans, but "acacia tears". The above examples all use empathy rhetoric to move people's feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things will be integrated into one, which can better express people's strong feelings. The difference between empathy and empathy is that empathy is to move people's subjective feelings to objective things, and then set off subjective feelings with infected objective things, so that things and people can be integrated and express strong feelings more strongly; Transfer means that the two things A and B are related, so it is a rhetorical device to transfer the rhetoric originally describing A to B. In short, the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "moving words, describing things (or people), describing things (or people)." The difference between empathy and personification is that the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "writing things into adults". 20. Call: When writing an article, directly call someone or something that is not in front of you and talk to him or her. This rhetorical device is called calling. The use of public signs can increase the lyrical effect and strengthen the appeal. Example (1): Uncle Shuo! Uncle Shuo! I have no food. -The Book of Songs (2): Oh, my God! Why are you doing this to me? Ex. (3): Qiu, I heard that you have arrived.

[Edit this paragraph] Idioms with rhetorical devices

[Edit this paragraph] 1. Idioms of figurative rhetoric:

Grace is as heavy as a mountain, as cold as ice, as cold as bamboo, as cold as duck's heart, as cold as bamboo, as cold as candle, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as bamboo, as cold as candle, as cold as bamboo.

simile

If the market is in full swing, if you are hungry, you will be like chewing wax, and your life expectancy will be better than that of Nanshan anxious to return.

metaphor

The traffic is well known, with angry words and swords, trees and grass are all soldiers, jade and pearls are dark, and old pearls are intertwined.

metonymy

Looking through the autumn wood, the second round is calm and calm, the door is like an axe, the iron wall is iron, the wolf is in charge of the eye, the finishing touch is bright, and the fool moves mountains.

[Edit this paragraph] 2. Idioms of personification rhetoric:

Friends, friends, mice, eyes, eyes, silence, flowers, birds, flowers, flowers, clouds, clouds, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, thieves, rabbits, dead foxes, sad crouching dragon, hidden dragon.

[Edit this paragraph] 3. Idioms with exaggerated rhetorical devices:

Every day, the sun and the moon fly like a shuttle, and the three heads and six arms are angry. A thousand miles a day, every word and deed, a thousand dollars, a hundred shots, a hundred bold and cautious days, it is difficult to move forward.

[Edit this paragraph] Idioms with other rhetorical devices (except metaphor, personification and exaggeration)

[Edit this paragraph] 4 Comparison:

It's hard to tell the truth, but it's not anticlimactic, and it's easy to relax and hate others, and contrary to the south, it's terrible. It's wise to sell dog meat.

[Edit this paragraph] 5 Duality:

Vast territory and abundant resources, grateful for great virtue, poor mountains, poor water and cheap profits, full of losses, well-known people can get more help, and the poor can help benevolent people. A wise man sees wisdom, and the stars arch the moon, and Dai Yue swears.

[Edit this paragraph ]6 Metonymy:

The illiterate shawl is holding the twisted Gankun's hair-trigger coquettish, yellow and green, and unarmed.

[Edit this paragraph ]7 Analogy:

When the moon closes and the flowers bloom, all the plants and trees are soldiers. Chickens are alive and kicking, birds are singing and dancing.

[Edit this paragraph ]8 Repeatedly:

Climb high and look far, grasp the situation, sincerely, cut the culprit's great achievements, disheartened, practical and single-minded

[Edit this paragraph ]9 rhetorical question:

Nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing gained.

[Edit this paragraph] 10 Pun:

It is very interesting to be a Buddha through thick and thin.

[Edit this paragraph] 1 1 cycle:

I don't attack anyone who doesn't come, nor do I doubt anyone who doesn't need me.

[Edit this paragraph] 12 Top Truth:

If you know everything, you can say anything. Everyone is of one heart and one mind.