Plagiarism: direct use of other people's opinions, theories, research results, data, etc. As their original works, without authorization or proper quotation.
Forgery: fabricating nonexistent data or experimental results to create false research results; Modify, edit or splice the experimental images to change the experimental results or achieve the purpose of deception; Deliberately citing non-existent literature or other people's research results to enhance the authority and credibility of their own research.
Repeated publication: publishing or submitting the same research results or articles in different ways for many times without full explanation and citation violates the requirements of academic journals for originality and repeated publication.
Multi-submission of one manuscript: it means that the same research paper is submitted to several academic journals at the same time without sufficient revision or clear explanation. The behavior of multiple contributions may not only lead to repeated publication of research results, but also lead to unnecessary workload of academic journals and increase the burden of evaluation and review of the same research results.
Improper signature: refers to the act of listing non-actual contributors as authors or not listing actual contributors as authors in research results or academic papers. This kind of behavior violates the principle of academic integrity and seriously damages the fairness and scientificity of academic circles.
Tampering with files and data: I mainly don't want to look up data and files, and my thesis may particularly need such a set of data to prove my point. As a result, I have to tamper with the marginal data for my own use, or deliberately misinterpret the views of the literature, or take them out of context to meet my own research needs.
Misrecording or "false recording": As mentioned above.
Low-level repetition: I don't want to read the literature and don't understand the academic development trend, which leads to my own research repeating previous research and even peer research.
Citing second-hand literature instead of checking leading literature leads to misinformation.
Only quote your own papers and brag about yourself.
But reading China literature and quoting foreign languages to express literature are self-defeating.
Books and periodicals from foreign languages are translated into Chinese, and the result is that the bull's head is not right.
It is difficult to find the original document and identify its authenticity by citing foreign notes without indicating the source.
If you want to know more about academic misconduct, it is recommended to consult relevant scholars or consult academic ethics documents.