Generally, it includes title, author, abstract, key words, text and references. The text consists of a preface and a main preface, with a length of 200-300 words, in which questions are raised, including the purpose, significance and function of writing, the history, data sources, current situation and development trend of the problem, related concepts and definitions, the purpose and motivation of selecting the topic, application value and practical significance. If it is a controversial topic, the focus of the debate should be pointed out.
The text mainly includes arguments and arguments. By asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, the author compares the similarities and differences of various viewpoints and their theoretical basis, thus embodying the author's views. In order to make the question clear and thorough, it can be divided into several subheadings. This part should include historical development, current situation analysis and trend prediction. ① Historical development: in chronological order, briefly explain the proposal of this topic and the development of each historical stage, reflecting the research level of each stage. ② Analysis of the current situation: introduce the current research situation at home and abroad and the opinions of various schools, including the author's own. To sort out and analyze the summarized and classified scientific facts and materials. Introduce creative and promising theories or assumptions in detail, and lead to arguments; For controversial issues, we should introduce and compare various viewpoints or theories, point out the focus of the problem and possible development trends, and put forward our own views. Outdated, outdated or rejected views can be simplified. Only ask questions familiar to ordinary readers. (2) Trend prediction: In the vertical and horizontal comparison, the research level, existing problems and different viewpoints of the topic are definitely summarized, and forward-looking opinions are put forward. This part of the content should be written objectively and accurately, not only pointing out the direction, but also suggesting shortcuts to point out the direction for those who are interested in climbing new heights and paving the way with ladders. The main parts have no fixed format, some are introduced in chronological order according to the development history of the problem, and some are expounded according to the current situation of the problem. No matter which way is adopted, we should compare various theories and arguments and make clear the historical background, present situation and development direction of related problems. The main part can be written in the following ways:
(1) Vertical writing "vertical" means "overview of historical development". It mainly focuses on a topic, and describes its historical evolution, present situation and trend prediction vertically according to the time sequence or the development level of the topic itself, thus outlining the context and development track of a topic. Vertical writing should grasp a clear context, that is, briefly describe the development trend of a topic at various stages, what problems have been solved, what achievements have been made, what problems still exist, and what is the future development trend. These contents should be clearly explained at the development level, and the text description should be closely linked. When writing a summary, don't list the facts in chronological order in isolation and write them as "memorabilia" or "chronological style". Vertical writing should also highlight the word "Chuang". Some special topics have a long time span and many scientific research achievements. When describing, we should grasp the creative and breakthrough achievements, introduce them in detail, and simplify the general and repetitive materials. This not only highlights the key points, but also makes the details appropriate. Vertical writing is suitable for dynamic summary. This review clearly describes the development trend of this subject.
(2) The horizontal writing "horizontal" is an "international and domestic overview". It is to describe and compare all aspects of a specific topic at home and abroad, such as various viewpoints, opinions, methods and achievements. Through horizontal comparison, we can not only distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of various viewpoints, opinions, methods and achievements, but also see the international level, domestic level and our own level, so as to find the gap. Horizontal writing is suitable for summarizing achievements. This review specifically introduces the new achievements of a certain aspect or project, such as new theories, new ideas, new inventions, new methods, new technologies and new progress. Because it is "new" and has a short time span, it has attracted the attention of international and domestic counterparts. They have been engaged in this research and published many papers. If it can be sorted out in time and summarized and reported to peers, it can play a role of reference, enlightenment and guidance.
(3) Combination of Vertical and Horizontal Writing In the same review, both vertical and horizontal writing methods are used at the same time. For example, write the historical background vertically and the present situation horizontally. Through the description of "vertical" and "horizontal", we can comprehensively synthesize the literature, comprehensively and systematically understand a certain subject and its development direction, make more reliable trend prediction, choose a breakthrough or provide reference for new research work. Whether it is vertical, horizontal or vertical and horizontal combination, the following points are required: first, collect information comprehensively and systematically and reflect it objectively and fairly; Second, we must analyze thoroughly and synthesize properly; Third, it is necessary to summarize the main contents elaborated in the theme part, focus on comments, and put forward conclusions. It is best to put forward your own views and put forward opinions for and against them.
There should be enough reference when writing a summary, which is the basis of writing a summary. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited person and showing the basis of the cited materials, it is more important for readers to provide clues to find relevant documents when discussing some issues in depth. This comprehensive paper illustrates this problem by comparing various viewpoints. If readers are interested in further research, they can refer to the original text according to the references. Therefore, it must be taken seriously.
2. The writing steps of summary.
Topic selection plays an important role in abstract writing. First of all, the topic selection requires novel content, and only novel content can extract topics with magnet attraction. We should also choose topics that have made real progress in recent years, are suitable for China's national conditions and are concerned by professional and technical personnel, such as comprehensive evaluation of a new foreign technology, in order to explore its practicability in China; Another example is to summarize the formation and application of a certain method and popularize it. There are usually several kinds of topics: one is closely related to the author's major, and the author has practical work experience and full voice; One is a topic that has little to do with the author's major, but the author has mastered certain materials and is willing to explore; The other is the research results of medical science information workers.
Not too big. A topic that is too big must have a lot of content to enrich it. If there is too much content, you must find a lot of documents, which not only increases the difficulty of reading and sorting out, but also makes one thing impossible to start or unclear. Moreover, all-encompassing manuscripts are difficult to go deep and often become vague and general. Practice has proved that the summary of small topics is penetrating and easy to go deep, especially for beginners, it is more appropriate to write summaries and small topics, starting from a small scale and gradually writing large-scale topics after accumulating experience. In addition, the topic must be commensurate with the content, appropriate, can not make a mountain out of a molehill or make a fuss, but also irrelevant. A good topic can be seen at a glance, and you can know the outline of the content by looking at the topic.
After selecting the topic of literature review, it is necessary to review and accumulate relevant literature. For beginners, they often don't know where to start looking for documents. Generally, they can collect authoritative reference books, such as monographs, teaching materials and academic papers. The textbook is comprehensive, and the opinions put forward are recognized by most people. Monographs focus on the development status, related problems and prospects of a specific topic; Academic papers can reflect the progress and achievements in a certain period, which is helpful for the author to grasp the contemporary research trends in this field. Secondly, look for periodicals and documents, which are vast and scattered, but often contain important recent progress materials, which can make review more advanced and instructive. There are two ways to find the document. One is to find the journals with relatively complete contents in the near future (or from near to far) according to the topics you choose, and then collect the original materials according to the references behind the documents. In this way, the "snowball" literature retrieval method can collect a large number of documents you need. This is a relatively simple and easy way to consult the literature, and many beginners' summary authors start like this. Another time-saving and labor-saving scientific method is to consult the literature by looking up reference books. The commonly used retrieval reference books are abstracts and index periodicals, which are the golden keys to consult domestic and foreign documents. If you master this golden key, you can find the documents you need quickly. In addition, in the usual work and study, accumulate at any time and make reading summaries or notes in case of emergency, which can play the role of picking up the missing.
The found literature should be browsed first, and then classified and read. Sometimes you can collect and read at the same time, and then follow up the collection and reading according to the clues found in reading. It is an important step to write a summary, and it is also a process of chewing, digesting and absorbing. In reading, we should analyze the main basis of the article, understand the main arguments of the article, and record the main contents of each article by card classification, including technical methods, important data, main results, discussion points, etc., so as to prepare for writing.
Processing the finished materials must be processed, which is a necessary preparation process for writing a summary. According to the requirements of the review theme, classify the abstract cards or notes written, make them serialized and organized, and strive to make the arguments clear and well-founded, with clear levels and strict logic. Classify according to the data outline, and then make scientific analysis. Finally, combined with your own practical experience, write your own views and experiences, so that objective data will be integrated into subjective data.
Before writing, you should draw up an outline and decide what to write first, what to write later, what to emphasize, where to integrate your own views, and what to omit or touch. The key points should be appropriately divided into several subheadings. When you plan to write an outline, you can be a little more detailed first, and then revise it as you deliberate. Think more, and you will gain more.
Once the outline is drawn up, you can write it down. According to the preliminary framework of the article, it is expounded one by one. In writing, we should pay attention to thorough reasoning, both arguments and arguments. When writing, we must grasp the key points, pay attention to reflecting the author's views and tendencies, but also briefly list the opposite views. For some reasoning or assumptions, we should consider the acceptance level of medical experts, put forward our own views or discuss them as problems, and then explain the existing problems and prospects. After the first draft is formed, it is revised and processed repeatedly according to the conventional revision method.
When writing a summary, you should deeply understand the connotation of references, be loyal to the original, let the facts speak for themselves, and have your own opinions. Literature is the basis of review, and consulting literature is the key step in writing review. The collection of documents should pay attention to timeliness and must be new in the last year or two. Generally, the information four or five years ago should not contain too much. The content of the summary should not be comprehensive, but should be a browsing summary. The more concentrated, clear and specific the content of the review, the better. References must be the original text that has been read directly, and cannot be quoted according to the abstracts of some articles, let alone indirectly (referring to reading the literature quoted in an article and copying it without finding the original text), so as to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the literature, resulting in errors in views and methods.