2. I don't know the content and materials of the topic clearly enough.

3. I don't know the relationship between some factors.

4, limited vocabulary, not good at rhetoric, words fail to convey meaning.

5, not from the reader's understanding.

6. Clear and accurate (for example, B is better than A)

We can illustrate it from the following examples:

All his work exposed situations and problems that he had never known before.

His work provides new facts and new theories.

A when oral penicillin causes allergic reaction, there may be other ways to take medicine.

B. When patients have allergic reaction to oral penicillin, they can take medicine in other ways.

Concise and direct

Try to make the text concise and express the meaning clearly with the least words, such as:

Author A ignores the fact that many people have done this experiment many times before.

The author neglected many experiments that others had done before.

Objective and simple

Most of them use the third person (the person of "the author of this article" rather than "the author" is unified)

Common passive tone

A The quality of this method depends on its economic value. (passive)

B economic value determines the advantages and disadvantages of this method. (activity)

Avoid using common sayings, local dialects and spoken languages.

You don't have to use "maybe" or "maybe" to be sure.

When quoting others, you should pay attention to two points:

First, don't write a paper like a summary.

Second, don't make others' results the same as your own.

When comparing with others, don't use harsh and critical tone.

When commenting on other people's research work, we should be practical and eloquent, and never speculate on other people's motives. For example:

"In some countries, the number of nutrition supply standards is set too low, so that the working people can't get enough nutrition." Such wording is inappropriate.

If it is changed to: "In some countries, setting the number of nutrition supply standards so low will mean that the working people will not get enough nutrition." This wording is more appropriate.

There is no need to use some flowery or emotional words in scientific papers. such as

"The nutritional effect of this generation of milk cakes is not as good as that of milk powder", "The variety of vegetables in that place is rich and colorful" and so on. It is more reasonable to change "comparable" to "similar" or "equivalent" and "colorful" to "many" or "very many"

Metaphor: It depends on the nature of the paper.

Metaphors are sometimes used in popular books, elementary textbooks or informal scientific articles to help describe scientific theories, which can make ordinary readers interested and easy to understand.

Scientific papers published in scientific journals are usually strictly limited to the use of metaphors.

Metaphor and analogy should not be confused.

Analogy is a common reasoning method in scientific research. For example, it is completely correct to infer the law of human growth and development by studying the law of animal growth and development in scientific papers. However, some people compare the wholeness, locality, continuity and stages of children's growth and development, the development speed and the ups and downs of the growth curve to a symphony with "melody" and "rhythm", which is not the style that a serious scientific paper should have.

Personality and coherence

Each part and paragraph is also a unit.

At the beginning of a chapter, there should be a topic paragraph and at the beginning of a paragraph, there should be a topic sentence. A topic paragraph or topic sentence puts forward the problems described or discussed in this section or paragraph, which is quite like the introduction of a paper. The content of each part or paragraph. It should be related to the theme of the part or paragraph.

Or every section or paragraph should try to have an ending paragraph or sentence, just like the conclusion of the whole paper.

The text structure of the whole article is the same, that is, words with the same grammatical structure are used to facilitate readers' understanding.

Sequence: from time, cause and effect, importance, complexity, similarity, contrast, etc.