Development Status and Suggestions of Logistics Industry in China
P logistics is a comprehensive industry, involving many fields. With the rapid development of modern network technology and information technology, the concept, methods and means of logistics have undergone tremendous changes. As the "third profit source", logistics has become a new growth point of China's national economy. However, as a new service industry, modern logistics is still in its infancy in China, and it also faces many important and urgent problems, especially the macro environment conducive to the accelerated development of modern logistics has not yet formed. Based on the analysis of the present situation of China's logistics industry, this paper puts forward some suggestions to accelerate its development.
Suggestions on the analysis of the present situation of logistics industry 1
First, the origin and practical significance of logistics research and management
1, logistics, which corresponds to "logistics" in English and is willing to be "logistics". This is a word used by the army to transport weapons, ammunition and food during World War II. At present, logistics has long considered not only the distribution of goods from producers to consumers, but also the procurement of raw materials from suppliers to producers, as well as the transportation, storage and information of producers themselves in the process of product manufacturing, so as to comprehensively improve efficiency and benefit.
Of course, we should also see that almost any level of logistics effectiveness can be achieved if manufacturers are willing to bear the necessary resources. In today's business environment, the limiting factor is economy rather than technology. It can be seen that an important management challenge stems from the disproportionate relationship between logistics cost and logistics performance improvement. The obligation to maintain a high inventory in order to deliver the goods 24 hours a day to meet its availability (availability refers to having inventory to continuously meet customers' demand for products. The higher the inventory availability, the greater the inventory investment), the manufacturer may bear twice the logistics cost than the manufacturer with less obligations. If the same manufacturer promises 24-hour service according to the consistency of 100%, it may waste profits by trying to provide services that customers may not need. Therefore, the key to the problem is to master the art of matching one's ability with the expectations and needs of key customers, which can not only obtain invisible income by reducing the total cost, but also won't lose real profit because of excessive commitment.
2. Why do you want to learn logistics?
(1) Logistics management itself is very expensive. According to the research of the International Monetary Fund, the average logistics cost accounts for 12% of the global GDP. Robert? Delanis has been tracking logistics costs for more than 20 years. He estimated that the cost of logistics supply chain accounts for 10.5% of GDP, that is, 1 126 billion US dollars. For enterprises, the proportion of logistics cost to sales varies from 4% to more than 30%. No matter how we estimate the logistics cost, for most enterprises, the logistics cost is very high, second only to the cost of selling products (procurement cost). Reducing the logistics cost as much as possible can increase the value and transfer the benefits to customers and corporate shareholders.
(2) Logistics management can reduce the total cost of enterprises. As enterprises look at their business from a more global perspective, the globalization and internationalization of industries around the world largely depend on the level and cost of logistics management. At this time, because logistics costs, especially transportation costs, account for an increasing proportion of the total cost of enterprises, logistics plays an increasingly important role in enterprises. For example, in order to increase profits, you have to buy raw materials in production from abroad, or set up factories to produce products abroad. The cost of raw materials and labor can be reduced, but the logistics cost will rise because of the increase of transportation and inventory costs. The decline in raw materials, labor and general management costs is offset by the increase in logistics costs and customs costs, which may lead to an increase in profits. Outsourcing can also add value, but it needs to better manage the logistics cost and product flow time in the supply channel.
(3) Logistics significantly enhances customer value. If a product or service cannot be provided to customers when and where they want to spend it, it has no value. When an enterprise spends a certain amount of money to transport products to customers, or keeps inventory for a certain period of time, it has value for customers that did not exist before. This process can create value just like improving product quality or reducing product price.
Usually, enterprises create four values of products or services, namely: ① form, ② time, ③ space and ④ possession. Logistics creates two kinds of value. Morphological value is created by transforming input into output, that is, producing raw materials and processing them into finished products.
The value of time and space in logistics control products is mainly realized through transportation, information flow and inventory. Generally speaking, possession value is created by marketing, technology and finance departments, who help customers to obtain products through advertising (information), technical support and sales conditions (pricing and credit availability).
Second, a summary of logistics related theories
There are many theories related to logistics, mainly including commodity separation theory (commodity diversion), black continent and logistics iceberg theory, third profit source theory, interest contradiction theory, logistics theory, logistics supply chain management theory, cost center theory and so on.
1, commercial separation theory
Commodity separation theory is the prerequisite for the survival of logistics science. The separation of commercial commodities means that the two components of commercial circulation move independently according to their respective scales and channels. Social progress is the separation of circulation and production, but it has not ended the deepening and continuation of differentiation and division of labor. Modern division of labor and specialization extend to all economic fields. After the Second World War, the above two different forms appeared more obvious separation in the circulation process, and gradually changed from different forms to two different sports processes with certain independent sports ability, which was called "separation of goods and commodities".
2. Black Continent and Iceberg Theory
The famous management authority P.F. Drucker once said: "Circulation is a dark continent in the economic field", and Drucker generally refers to large circulation. However, due to the obvious pasting of logistics activities in the circulation field, it is a relatively unclear field in the circulation field, so the term "black continent" is mainly aimed at logistics. The theory of "black continent" mainly refers to the unknown and the unknown. In the black continent, if theoretical research and practical exploration illuminate this black continent, it may be a barren land or a treasure land in front of people. The theory of "black continent" is a kind of opposition and criticism to the ignorance in the economic field in the 20th century, pointing out that there was no end to the development of science and technology and economy when the capital paid attention to prosperity and development at that time. The theory of "black continent" is also a correct evaluation of logistics itself; There are still many unknown things in this field, and the theory and practice are still immature.
The theory of logistics iceberg was put forward by Professor Nishizawa Xiu of Waseda University in Japan. When he studied the logistics cost, he found that the current financial accounting system and accounting methods could not grasp the actual situation of logistics cost, so people's understanding of logistics cost was blank or even false. He compared this situation to a "logistics iceberg". The characteristic of icebergs is that most of them are submerged under the water, and only the tip of the iceberg is exposed. Logistics is an iceberg. In this iceberg, we can't see the black area below the water surface, but what we see is only a part of logistics. Caesar Xiu demonstrated Drucker's "black continent" theory by analyzing the logistics cost. Facts have proved that we still don't know all aspects of the logistics field. The underwater part of the iceberg in the black continent is an undeveloped field of logistics and the potential of logistics.
3. The third profit source theory
"The third profit source" is a description of the potential and benefits of logistics. From the perspective of historical development, there have been two sources of profit in human history. The first is the field of resources, and the second is the field of manpower. As these two profit sources become smaller and smaller, it is more and more difficult to tap profits, and the potential of logistics field is paid attention to, and it is listed as the "third profit source" in time series. The third profit source focuses on different elements of productivity. The first profit source digs the labor object in productivity, the second profit source digs the labor object in productivity, and the third profit source mainly digs the potential of labor tools in productivity, and at the same time digs the potential of labor objects and workers, so it is more comprehensive.
4. Interest contradiction theory and overall logistics concept.
"Interest contradiction" is a very common phenomenon in the logistics field, and it is the reflection and expression of internal contradictions in the logistics field. The conflict of interests means that while some functions and interests of logistics occur, there will inevitably be the loss of interests of another or several functional elements, and vice versa. This is a trade-off, this profit and loss phenomenon, although this phenomenon exists in many fields, but in the field of logistics, this problem is particularly serious.
5. Logistics theory
After World War II, economists began to use the word logistics. In the 1960s, the United States gradually replaced the word logistics with the word logistics. In 1970s, the word logistics was introduced into Japan, and Japan also translated it as "logistics", but it was interpreted according to a new interpretation, which gave some new definitions to logistics. Some brief descriptions of logistics science are as follows: the basic physical elements of logistics network mainly include raw material producing areas, manufacturing plants, distribution centers and customers. The specific contents of logistics activities include 14 aspects: customer service, order processing, distribution liaison, inventory control, demand forecasting, transportation, warehousing, factory and warehouse layout selection, material procurement, spare parts and maintenance service guarantee, industrial packaging, return processing, waste disposal, etc.
5. Logistics supply chain management
The meaning of supply chain is from the beginning, through production, distribution and sales to the end users. This is not an isolated behavior, but an interlocking "chain" with a certain flow. For example, the concepts of midnight snack and inventory, each link of the supply chain has different interests and concepts, and there are inevitably natural conflicts between functions. However, because modern management and technology can provide overall information for all links to enjoy, they can greatly expand their horizons and make them manage as a whole. Supply chain management is actually to manage logistics and all activities of enterprises as a unified process.
6. Cost center theory, profit center theory, service center theory and strategy theory.
The meaning of cost center theory is that logistics only affects the cost of enterprise marketing activities in the whole enterprise strategy, and logistics is an important production point of enterprise cost. Therefore, solving logistics problems is not mainly for rationalization and modernization, nor for supporting and guaranteeing other activities, but mainly for reducing costs through logistics management and a series of logistics activities. Therefore, the theory of cost center not only refers to the production point of main cost, but also refers to the key point of reducing cost, and the statement that logistics is a "treasure house of reducing cost" is the image description of this understanding.
The service center theory represents the understanding of logistics by scholars in some countries such as the United States and Europe. It believes that the role of logistics activities is not to save consumption, reduce costs or increase profits, but to improve the service level of enterprises to users, thus improving the competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, they chose the word logistics when describing logistics, with special emphasis on its service guarantee function. Through the service guarantee of logistics, enterprises can reduce costs and increase profits with overall ability.
The meaning of profit center is that logistics can provide a large number of direct and indirect profits for enterprises, and it is the main activity to form enterprise operating profits. Moreover, for the national economy, logistics is also the main activity to create profits for the national economy. This function of logistics is the "third profit source".
Strategy theory is very popular at present. In fact, more and more academic and industrial people have gradually realized that logistics is more strategic, and it is a strategy for enterprise development rather than a specific operational task. It should be said that this view puts logistics in a very high position. What is corporate strategy? It is survival and development. Logistics will affect the survival and development of the whole enterprise. Instead of becoming more reasonable in which link, it saved a few money.
Thirdly, in this paper, the author focuses on the current situation of logistics development in China and its countermeasures. Because China's logistics development is still immature, and the United States is one of the most developed countries in the world, the author thinks that the stage and background of logistics development in the United States are worth learning. Then it analyzes the development status of China's logistics industry, and finally puts forward some suggestions for developing China's modern logistics industry. Due to the limited level of the author, there are still many immature opinions in this paper.
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