Feng Zhixin and Gao Xuebiao
Study on plant parasitic nematodes and their biological characteristics, occurrence regularity, influencing factors and disease control. It is a branch and marginal subject of zoology and plant pathology.
research contents
The research content of plant nematology is extensive, which mainly summarizes the following aspects: ① the morphology, structure and function of plant nematodes; ② Classification of plant nematodes; ③ Inheritance, variation and evolution of plant nematodes; ④ Biological characteristics of plant nematodes such as behavior, growth, development, reproduction and senescence; ⑤ Relationship between nematodes and host plants, pathogenic and disease-resistant factors and mechanisms; ⑥ Relationship and interaction between nematodes and fungi, bacteria and viruses in plant disease system; ⑦ Ecology, population dynamics and influencing factors of plant nematodes; (8) Occurrence and epidemic law, influencing factors and control of plant nematodiasis.
Related disciplines
The research fields of nematodes include not only plant nematology, but also parasitic nematology of human and animals, entomology of insect parasitic nematodes, and the study of soil, fresh water, marine nematodes and free-living nematodes that feed on fungi and bacteria. In addition, plant nematology is closely related to botany, pedology, mycology, bacteriology, virology, plant pathology, zoology, entomology, crop cultivation, crop breeding, ecology, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and methodology.
A brief history of development
Plant nematology is a young discipline in natural science, which germinated in the middle of18th century and experienced two stages: discipline formation and discipline development.
The first stage,1from the middle of the 8th century to the middle of the 20th century. This stage is mainly to find and describe the species of nematodes related to plants, and to carry out traditional agricultural control on known single important pathogenic nematodes. 1743, Joseph Needham discovered anguina tritici, which is the earliest record of plant nematodes. 1855 Root-knot nematodes were found on cucumbers planted in the greenhouse of M.J.Berkeley, England. Subsequently, stem nematodes and beet cyst nematodes were discovered. Treating soil with carbon disulfide (CS2) is the earliest chemical method to effectively control nematodes. 1865, Bastien published a monograph on the family Eellidae, describing more than 100 new species. This paper is regarded as the first milestone in the development of plant nematology. Boetes Klee (O.Bütschli, 1873), De Man (J.G.de Man, 1876) and Orle (L.Orley, 1880) have all made outstanding studies in morphology and taxonomy.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Europe and North America established specialized nematodes research laboratories. Baker (A.D.Baker), Goodey (T.Goodey), Stecko Hov (J.H.Schuurman Stekhov), filippo Yev (I.N.) and Cobb (N.A.) established nematode research laboratories in Canada, Britain, the Netherlands, the former Soviet Union and the United States respectively. Other representatives are H.Micoletzky A.G.Fuchs of Austria, L.de Coninck of Belgium and H. Gof-Goffart of Germany. They mainly study the morphological structure of nematodes, describe new species and develop some effective control methods. The representative work is Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Diseases Caused by them by T. Goody (1933). The nematodes of I.N. Philippe Teff are harmful and beneficial to agricultural nature. 194 1 J.H.S. Steckhoff translated and published Philippe Teff's book Handbook of Agricultural Entomology. The rich contents of classification, biology and pathogenicity of plant nematodes in this period laid the foundation for the accelerated development of modern plant nematology.
The second stage is to gradually form a plant nematology system with the expansion of research fields and the deepening of research contents. In the 1940s, the potato golden nematode was discovered in Long Island, new york, USA, which was highly concerned by the federal and local governments. In 1943, American W.Carter found that D-D mixture (mixture of dichloropropylene and dichloropropane) is a safe, economical and effective fumigation nematicide. In 1950s, the production and application of nematicides developed rapidly, and contact nematicides and internal nematicides were gradually developed. Another important discovery was that in 1944, J.R.Christie and F.E.Albin discovered that there were physiological races of root-knot nematodes. At that time, all the root-knot nematodes were put into the sea cyst nematodes of the genus Cysticercus. The confirmation of physiological races of root-knot nematodes led to the establishment of root-knot nematodes in 1949 in the United States, and caused people to study the host range, disease-resistant varieties, cytology and biochemistry of plant nematodes. 1948, Allen officially opened the course of plant nematology in the University of California, and other universities also opened this course one after another, which trained the leading figures in the later development of American nematology.
Since the 1950s, the importance of ectoparasitic nematodes, such as Parachute Nematode, Echinococcus and Trypanosoma, has been mutually confirmed. Another important discovery is to prove that root-knot nematodes can increase the incidence of major tobacco diseases such as tobacco black shank disease, and resistant varieties lose resistance because of the participation of nematodes. In recent years, the research on crop compound diseases is very active. 1958 W.B.Hewitt and others in the United States confirmed that standard sword nematode is the vector of grape fan leaf virus. In 1955, W.B.Mountain of Canada designed a method of cultivating nematodes under aseptic conditions, and used it to study the relationship between nematodes and tobacco root rot. In the Netherlands, the study on the harm of potato golden nematodes led to the planning of national potato cultivation system in epidemic areas, and the population dynamics of nematodes and their effects on crops were deeply studied.
1972, a destructive Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was discovered in Japan by Jugong and Qingyuan, and was later discovered in the United States and other places, which promoted the study of forest nematodiasis.
The close relationship between nematologists has also promoted the development of plant nematology. As early as 19 10, five scientists established the Washington Worm Society. At that time, many important papers in various fields of nematology were published in the literature compilation published by the society. The European Association of Nematologists was founded in 1953 and published International Nematode -gica in the Netherlands. 196 1 year, the American society of nematologists was founded, and the journal of nematology was published in 1969. 1967, American tropical nematologists association was established in the United States, and Nematropica was published. Other countries have also established nematologists' associations and published corresponding periodicals. Since 1950s, many monographs and textbooks on nematology have been published. The main representative monographs in the 1950s and 1960s are: Chetwode, etc. (B.G. Chikwood &; Introduction to nematology by m.b. Chiwood; Soil and freshwater nematodes of Goody and his son (T. Goodey & ampJ.B.Goodey) (195l,1963); Principles of Nematology (196 1) by American G.Thorne, etc. The most recent work is "Laboratory Working Methods of Plant and Soil Nematodes" written by J.F. Sosey in Britain (1970, 1986). Plant parasitic nematodes (1971) b.m. zucker-man, etc. Economic nematology by J.M. Webster of Canada (1972); Plant Nematology by J.F. Suoxi (1978); Plant Nematodes in Uzbekistan (719652) was written by Tulaganov of the former Soviet Union (тонематоыузбе). Plant and insect nematodes of W.R.Nikle; Tylenchida from Seddik Parasites of plants and inserts; Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. These works systematically summarized the research results of plant nematodes from different aspects.
Before 1990, the research literature on nematodes was included in the Ab-stract of Entomology published by the Federal Agricultural Bureau (c Ab), and 1990 Ab-Stract of Entomology was officially published by the Federal Agricultural Bureau, which indicated that plant entomology had entered a brand-new modern development stage.
In China, 19 16, Zhang Zuchun investigated and reported the damage of wheat nematodes to wheat and millet in the suburbs of Beijing, which was the earliest plant nematology study in China. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the distribution, harm and control of wheat grain nematodes were mainly studied. In 1939, Zhu, Jian Xianda and others first developed a screening machine for anguina tritici disease, and then improved it and applied it to production, effectively controlling the harm of wheat grain nematode disease. From 65438 to 0946, Zhou proved that wheat nematode is the vector of wheat ear diseases (Corynebacterium tritici), which is of great significance to the prevention and control of wheat ear diseases. From 1950s to 1970s, the distribution, harm, occurrence and control of peanut root-knot nematodes, rice stem-tip nematodes, millet nematodes, sweet potato root-knot nematodes, sweet potato stem nematodes and soybean cyst nematodes were studied. In addition, the plant quarantine department and other relevant units have carried out quarantine and control on peanut root-knot nematode disease, rice stem-tip nematode disease, wheat grain nematode disease and sweet potato stem nematode disease. Plant Nematology, edited by Bi Zhishu and Li Jin, was published in 1963, which is the first reference textbook of plant nematology in China. Since the 1980s, plant nematology has developed rapidly in China, and gratifying progress has been made in the research on nematodes of rice, peanuts, sweet potatoes, tobacco, hemp, soybeans, millet, citrus, mulberry, tea, vegetables, medicinal materials and trees. Many provinces, prefectures and counties have also carried out the investigation and control of nematodes, initially grasped the species and distribution of nematodes in major crops in China, discovered a series of new nematodes, and conducted in-depth research and effective control of nematodes in important crops, laying a foundation for further investigation and planned control of nematodes in crops in China.
philology
Bi Zhishu, Li Jin: Plant Nematodes, Agricultural Press, Beijing, 1963.
Zackerman B.M, Mai W.F and Rohde R.A, Morphology, Anatomy, Taxonomy and Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Academic Press, new york and London, 197 1
Introduction to plant nematology. New york, chichester, Brisbane and Toronto, 1980.