Ancient Roman architecture is the architectural technology of Etruscans on Apennine Peninsula, which inherited the architectural achievements of ancient Greece and made extensive innovations in architectural form, technology and art.

Roman architecture reached its peak in the1~ 3rd century and reached the peak of ancient western architecture.

There are many kinds of ancient Roman architecture.

There are Roman Pantheon, Venus and Roman temples, as well as religious buildings such as Baalbek Sun God Temple, as well as public buildings such as palaces, theaters, arenas, baths, squares and rectangular halls (rectangular halls).

Residential buildings include inner-chamber houses, houses combining inner-chamber houses with column houses, and apartments with four or five floors.

The form of ancient Roman secular architecture is quite mature, and it is well combined with function.

For example, in large theaters all over the Roman Empire, the audience plane is semicircular and rises in rows, with vertical aisles as the mainstay and horizontal aisles as the supplement.

According to the ticket number, the audience arrives at the seats in each area from different entrances and stairs.

People don't cross, so it's convenient to gather and disperse.

The stage rises high, with the orchestra pit in front and the makeup building behind. The facade of the dressing building is the background of the stage, and both ends protrude forward to form the prototype of the podium, which is similar to the basic modeling of modern large-scale performance buildings.

The standard units commonly used in ancient Roman multi-storey apartments.

Some apartments have shops on the ground floor, and upstairs residents have balconies.

This shape is similar to that of a modern apartment.

Judging from the shapes of theaters, arenas, baths and apartments, the architectural design at that time was quite developed.

The Ten Books of Architecture written by Vitruwei, an ancient Roman architect, is a summary of this science.

Ancient Roman architecture can meet all kinds of complex functional requirements, mainly relying on high-rise arch structures to obtain wide internal space.

The tubular arch in the main hall of Flavian Palace on Baladin Mountain spans 29.3 meters.

The diameter of the Pantheon dome is 43.3 meters.

In the middle of the first century, a cross arch appeared, which covered the square building space, concentrated the weight of the vault on the piers at the four corners, and there was no continuous load-bearing wall, so the space was more open.

Combining several cross arches with cylindrical arches and domes can cover complex internal spaces.

The royal baths of the Roman Empire are the representative works of this combination.

There are three cross arches in the center of Constantine Cathedral on the east side of the central square of ancient Rome, with a span of 25.3 meters and a height of 40 meters. There are three cylindrical arches with a span of 23.5 meters on the left and right to resist the horizontal thrust, and the structural level is very high.

The huge auditoriums of theaters and arenas are also built on complex arched ticketing systems.

Because of the use of pozzolanic concrete with high strength, convenient construction and low price, the arch sheet structure has been popularized.

Around the 2nd century BC, this kind of concrete became an independent building material, and by 1 century BC, it almost completely replaced the stone and was used in building arches and building walls.

The concrete surface is usually protected by a layer of square cone stone or triangular brick, and then plastered with a layer of ash or pasted with a layer of marble slab; There is also the practice of building a stone wall in front of the concrete wall as a surface layer.

The wooden structure technology of ancient Roman architecture has reached a considerable level, and the tie rod and compression rod of truss can be distinguished.

Rome, Trajan, basilica and wood truss span 25 meters.

The Colosseum in Rome, built in the first century A.D., can accommodate 50,000 spectators, and it took only 5-6 years to build.

It was built on a filled lake, and the foundation did not sink obviously.

The Baalbek Sun Temple, built in the middle of the 2nd century A.D., is surrounded by 45 pillars, each with a height of19.6m and a base with a diameter of 2m, all made of a single granite.

At the height of 8 meters on the back wall of the temple, there are three big stones weighing about 500 tons each, which shows the great lifting capacity at that time.

Public bathrooms generally have central heating equipment.

The hot smoke and hot air in the burning room flow through the clay pipes under the floor, in the walls and in the vaults of the halls, giving off heat.

According to Vitruwe's ten books on architecture, a bronze urn was buried under the seat of the theater to improve the sound quality.

In addition, by the middle of 1 century at the latest, several tens of centimeters square high-transparency flat glass had been installed on the windows.

In addition to concentrating the highest achievements of ancient Roman architecture in the capital city of Rome, there are various high-level and large-scale buildings all over the empire.

The architectural art of ancient Rome has made great achievements.

Large-scale buildings have rich and dignified style, harmonious and unified composition and various forms.

The Romans opened up new fields of architectural art and enriched architectural technology.

Among them, the most important ones are: the newly built internal space covered by arched vouchers, the single space of the solemn Pantheon, the sequential combination space of the royal baths with great changes at multiple levels, and the one-way depth space of the main hall.

In some buildings, the artistic treatment of internal space is more important than the external image.

The composition of ancient Greek columns has been developed, making it more adaptable.

The most significant thing is to create a combination of pillar and arch coupons, such as pillar and continuous coupons, which are used for both structure and decoration.

The Arc de Triomphe around the empire is mostly composed of coupons.

There are concentrated buildings with plane and arch structure composed of various arcs.

Hadrian's departure from this palace built on the outskirts of Rome in the first half of the 2nd century is a mature example.

Since the second half of the 4th century, the trend of ancient Roman architecture has declined.

/kloc-after the 0/5th century, after the Renaissance and classicism.

With the classical revival of France and the popularization of "imperial style" in the early19th century, ancient Roman architecture has once again become a model for European learning.

This phenomenon lasted until the 1920s and 1930s.