Bidding for construction projects is an organized trading method, and it is also an international practice that market economy calls for fair trading. From trial implementation to popularization, from popularization to promulgation and implementation of "People's Republic of China (PRC) Bidding Law", China's project bidding work has developed steadily, orderly and deeply. Its form has experienced from tender negotiation, invitation to tender, to today's open tender. It should be said that a fair, open and just construction market is gradually competitive, and there will be undisclosed behaviors, in which bidding is always a key and sensitive link. After adopting public bidding, how to evaluate the bid and how to win the bid is the key. Therefore, the bid evaluation method is the focus to determine whether the public bidding is open, fair and equitable. Through the study, we can also find that the bid evaluation method is not only the key to the bidding work, but also a comprehensive reflection of the construction market environment. What kind of market breeds what kind of bid evaluation method, in turn, the change of bid evaluation method will have a great impact on the construction market environment, and the two are in a relationship of mutual adaptation, mutual restriction and mutual promotion. Reasonable lowest bid price is an internationally accepted bidding mechanism. The advantages of this expression are: first, it can eliminate the human influence in project bidding to the maximum extent; Second, it is simple and easy to reasonably hide the bid winning method with low price, which saves bid evaluation time and improves bidding efficiency; Third, because the tenderer does not set the pre-tender price or the pre-tender price is unfair in the bidding process, there is naturally no problem of missing the bid; Fourth, it can fully embody the principle of openness and transparency, minimize human interference factors and minimize corruption in the bidding process. Contents Chapter 1: Overview of Project Bidding Chapter 2: Classification of Project Bidding Chapter 3: Ways of Project Bidding Chapter 4: Procedures of Project Bidding Chapter 5: Procedures of Project Bidding Chapter 6: Composition and Compilation of Project Bidding Documents Chapter 7: Strategies and Techniques of Project Bidding Chapter 1: Bidding Overview 1. Bidding is a kind of commodity trading behavior, and there is a commodity economic relationship between the tenderer and the bidder. In order to reflect the economic strength of both bidding parties, promote both parties to bear economic responsibilities and use economic responsibilities to safeguard their own economic interests. At present, bidding is widely used in the world. Bidding means that a buyer publishes a bidding advertisement to attract multiple sellers to negotiate and let the buyer enjoy flexible choice. Some basic summaries of bidding are as follows: 1. 1 Before purchasing goods and contracting out construction projects to purchase services, the tenderee puts forward the bidding items, prices and requirements in the form of announcement or invitation, so that bidders who are willing to undertake the project can put forward their own prices according to the conditions and requirements of the bidding documents and fill in the bidding documents for bidding. 1.2 On the premise of agreeing to the conditions and requirements put forward by the tenderer in the tender documents, the bidder will estimate the quotation for the project subject to tender, fill in the tender and submit it to the tenderer within the specified date, participate in the competition and strive for winning the bid. 1.3 bid opening The tenderee shall specify the place and time, publicly open the bid opening in front of the bidders, and announce the main contents of the tender, such as the name of the bidder, the bid price and the effective revision of the bid price. Of course, the bid opening is also carried out under the legal protection and supervision of notaries. Generally, there are three ways to open bids: 1.3. 1. If the bidder participates voluntarily, the bid will be opened publicly, and the bid winning result will not be announced on the spot; 1.3.2 under the supervision of notaries, bid opening, announcement and determination of the pre-selected winning bidder on the spot; 1.3.3 If the bidder is willing, the bid will be opened and the winning bidder will be determined on the spot. 1.4 bid evaluation and calibration according to the requirements of the tender documents, a special bid evaluation committee will comprehensively review the bidding materials submitted by all bidders and select the winning bidder. Bid evaluation is a complicated work, which requires the participation of professionals in production, quality, inspection, supply, finance, planning and other aspects. The quality, price, time limit for a project and other conditions of each bid are comprehensively analyzed and compared, and the winning bidder is selected according to the requirements of the tenderer. Among them, there are three bid evaluation methods: ① The winning bidder has the best comprehensive analysis conditions; (2) According to the evaluation index score, the winner is the one with the highest score; (3) Meet the requirements of the tenderer, such as short construction period or low quotation, and select the winning bidder. 1.5 After the bid opening, when the tenderer formally informs the bidder of winning the bid in the form of a letter of acceptance, it means that the bidder has won the bid. Chapter II Classification of Bidding for Construction Projects Bidding for construction projects is classified according to different construction procedures, contracting scope and industry categories. 1. According to the construction procedures of engineering projects, the whole process of engineering project construction can be divided into pre-construction stage, survey and design stage and construction stage. Therefore, according to the project construction procedure, bidding can be divided into project development bidding, survey and design bidding and construction bidding. 1. 1. Project development bidding is a bidding conducted by the tenderer (owner) in the stage of project feasibility study and project proposal, scientifically and reasonably selecting the investment development and construction scheme, and finding a satisfactory construction consulting unit through bidding competition. 1.2. Survey and design bidding refers to the bidding activities of the tenderee (owner) to select survey and design units according to the approved project feasibility study report. Survey and design can be completed by survey units and design units respectively. 1.3, project construction bidding is the bidding conducted by the tenderer (owner) after the preliminary design or construction drawing design of the project is completed, and the construction enterprise is selected through bidding. 2. According to the scope of project contracting, it can be classified: the scope of project contracting is divided into general contracting of construction projects, contracting of construction and installation projects and contracting of special projects. Bidding can also be classified according to the different scope of the above projects. 2. 1 The contract bidding of the project department refers to the bidding conducted by the tenderer (owner) to select the general contractor of the project construction, that is, the whole process of project implementation. Starting from the project proposal, including feasibility study report, survey and design, inquiry and purchase of equipment and materials, and engineering construction; Production, construction, commissioning, until the completion of production, delivery and use of the full implementation of bidding. 2.2, the construction and installation project contracting bidding refers to the tenderer (owner) after the completion of the construction drawing design, in order to choose the construction contractor of the construction and installation project. The contracting scope of this kind of tender only includes the construction activities of the construction and installation project of the project. 2.3, special project contracting tender refers to the project contracting tender, some of which are more complex, professional or confidential, and have special requirements for construction and production. 3. Classification by industry category: According to the different nature of business related to engineering construction, it is divided into survey and design bidding, material and equipment procurement bidding, civil engineering bidding, construction and installation engineering bidding, production technology transfer bidding and engineering consulting service bidding. 4. The bidding methods of this project are divided into open bidding and invitation bidding. 4. 1 public bidding refers to a way that the tenderer (owner) invites unspecified legal persons or other organizations to participate in bidding by means of tender announcement. Public bidding can be divided into two ways according to the methods of bid opening and bid selection: one is public bidding and bid selection, that is, opening bids at a specified time and place, reading out the bidding letters and main contents of each contractor in public, announcing the bid-winning conditions and determining the winning bidder; The other is public bidding and bid opening, but instead of selecting and announcing the winning bidder on the spot, the tenderer and relevant departments will review, identify and compare the bids, select 3 ~ 5 bidders as the winning bidders in the pre-selection, and then convene the pre-selected winning bidders for face-to-face discussion and negotiation, and finally determine the winning bidder through comparison, and inform the winning bidder and other bidders of the results in writing. Open bidding can give all contractors with legal personality equal opportunities to participate in bidding. The tenderee can obtain relatively cheap and high-quality quotations from a large number of tenders, select ideal contractors and select the best ones. 4.2 Invitation to bid Invitation to bid refers to a way in which a tenderer (owner) invites a specific legal person or other organization to participate in bidding by means of an invitation to bid. According to the characteristics of the project, the tenderer selectively invites a number of contractors who have the ability to contract the project to bid. The objective of inviting tenders is clear, and the selected bidders have reliable construction experience, construction technology and reputation, which can basically guarantee the quality and progress of the project. The whole organization and management of bidding is relatively simpler than public bidding, but the quotation may be higher than public bidding. Chapter III Bidding Methods for Engineering Construction. The bidding conditions for engineering construction are 1, and the conditions that the tenderee (owner) should meet in bidding are as follows: 1. 1, and the tenderee (owner) is a legal person or other organization established according to law; 1.2, with economic, technical and management personnel suitable for the project subject to tender. 1.3, the ability to organize the preparation of bidding documents. 1.4, with the ability to review the bidding (contractor) information. 1.5. Ability to organize bid opening, bid evaluation and bid selection. 2. Bidding conditions for engineering construction: 1), and the budget estimate has been approved; 2), the construction project has been formally included in the national, departmental or local annual fixed data investment plan; (3) The land requisition has been completed; 4) Have construction drawings and technical data that meet the construction needs; (five) the sources of building materials and main building materials and equipment have been implemented; 6) With the approval of the planning department where the construction project is located, the "three links and one leveling" on the construction site has been completed or included in the bidding scope.