The following are some materials of the Chinese knowledge tree for your reference: students feel that the current Chinese class has two characteristics: First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design hundreds of questions around it. Second, every text, even a masterpiece, is absent from class when you attend class. As long as you have a good foundation, your grades are still excellent at the end of the term or in the entrance examination.
In view of the first characteristic, some young teachers try their best to guess the topic, give lectures on the topic, and try their best to shield all kinds of biased problems, so they are overwhelmed and tired of coping. A teacher said that "White-haired Girl" took four classes and found many questions about "White-haired Girl" in the workbook, all of which were told to the students. I feel that I have done my duty, and I feel that "White-haired Girl" is definitely no problem. I didn't expect the final exam to have such a question: "The north wind blows, the snow floats, and the snow floats in the New Year."
What kind of character does this lyric show? The teacher regrets: I have taught four classes. Why didn't I guess this exam? When the students answer their papers in the classroom, Mr China will discuss the answers. Everyone guesses a lot, such as strong personality, optimistic personality, universality and self-confidence ... As a result, when they look at the grading standards, everyone can't guess anything. What is the standard answer? It turned out to be childish.
Everyone is puzzled why it must be naive. In fact, the person who wrote the question saw this lyric and had a naive idea. Whoever is not "naive" will be detained. Faced with the problem of "innocence", anyone who wants to guess has arrived. When they arrive, they will really teach and students will learn.
In view of the second characteristic, students feel that the knowledge structure of other subjects is clear, and the knowledge of each course is linked one by one every day. If I miss two classes, I will feel very anxious and afraid of falling behind.
What about Chinese? An excellent classmate said, "Don't say that I don't attend several classes. Even if I don't attend Chinese classes for a month, my Chinese grades will not be low." Ask him the reason for his excellent Chinese performance. It turns out that his learning method is: you can ask any question, and I have certain rules.
He studies Chinese characters, characters, sentences, English, revision and reasoning seriously, writes carefully and likes reading Chinese and foreign classics. Although he doesn't do exercise books and is not interested in the detailed analysis of the text, he can keep changing and get excellent results in every exam.
This shows that the knowledge of Chinese subject is also regular and has a relatively stable structure. I often think that when we go to a distant and strange place, we usually have to take a map, look at the map all the way, know the direction, set a good goal and choose the best route, so that we can make fewer detours and beat around the bush in a dead end, save time and arrive smoothly.
Students should have such a "map" when learning Chinese. When the car of thinking is driving on the Yuan Ye of knowledge, only with such a "knowledge map" can the goal be clear, and we can take fewer detours and beat around the bush on the issue of "innocence".
The farther you go, the more important the map becomes. From 65438 to 0979, I began to guide students to draw the structure diagram of Chinese knowledge.
I asked the students: "To express the knowledge structure of a subject, there are tower, tree, net and table formats commonly used ... which one should we choose?" The students chose a tree structure. So students also call it "Chinese knowledge tree".
How to draw? I'll ask my classmates to put away six textbooks for junior high school first. I haven't learned the following textbooks yet. What if there are no books? I asked my classmates to borrow it from my graduated relatives, neighbors, brothers and work units. Many students can't draw six textbooks without guidance, but draw the trunk of a Chinese knowledge tree. What is a branch? Some students regard each text as "A Zhi Zi", so the knowledge tree drawn is not like a tree, but like a long feather.
After many discussions with the students, I realized that there are 6 textbooks, 180 lessons and more than 200 articles (including poems). The editor's main intention is not only to make us understand the article, but more importantly, to master the systematic knowledge of Chinese by studying textbooks and improve our listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities.
Liu Shu's knowledge of Chinese system consists of basic knowledge, classical Chinese, literary common sense and reading and writing, which is the first level and a branch of knowledge tree. Further analysis shows that the basic knowledge also includes eight aspects: pronunciation, writing, vocabulary, sentences, grammar, rhetoric, logic and punctuation.
Classical Chinese includes words, content words, function words and sentence patterns. Literary common sense includes four aspects: ancient, modern, contemporary and foreign.
Reading and writing knowledge includes six aspects: center, choice, structure, expression, language and genre. This is the second flash, 22 aspects.
Further analysis, each aspect includes several knowledge points, such as grammar, including parts of speech, phrases (now called brief comments), simple sentences and complex sentences. This is the third level, with about 130 knowledge points.
For example, this knowledge structure map of China is like a traffic map of China. The first level of knowledge is like a province, the second level is like a city, the third level is like a county, and there are more detailed knowledge cells below the third level, just like towns and villages.
Students first divide textbook knowledge into different levels, and then master the main knowledge points at the first, second and third levels. How to look at the whole Chinese textbook, what to learn, what to learn first, what to learn later, what to learn from books, and what to know, you can know fairly well. In this way, when students study by themselves, they can drive the car of thinking and run on the Yuan Ye of knowledge, and conquer the goal of Chinese knowledge level by level, so that they will not feel confused and unable to start.
Chinese knowledge tree, students draw differently, some think that they draw 4 parts 19 108 knowledge points, and some draw 5 parts 2 1 item 120 knowledge points. Seventy or eighty students have fifty or sixty opinions. Generally speaking, it is similar, and students will not be guided to argue on small issues. The broad aspects are basically determined as follows. Just like "electricity", it has entered thousands of households, but theorists are still debating how to define "electricity". The word "art" is also widely used, but how to determine the connotation of art?
2. How to draw a Chinese knowledge tree in the third grade of primary school "Chinese knowledge tree" came into being in the late 1970s. At that time, the current situation of Chinese education problems flooding and the lack of order in teaching led students to draw them. Its origin is mainly based on two characteristics of Chinese class: "First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design thousands of examination questions around it. Second, every text, even a masterpiece, you missed the class during the lecture. As long as the foundation is good, the final or entrance exam will still be excellent. " [1] From the second feature, Mr. Wei Shusheng saw that "the knowledge of Chinese is also regular and has a stable structure". [2] Mastering these rules, students can constantly change in the exam, and students don't have to do a lot of exercises.
There are 22 items in four parts, 13 1 knowledge points: the four parts are "classical Chinese knowledge", "basic knowledge", "reading and writing" and "literary common sense" in turn. Classical Chinese knowledge includes notional words, function words, Chinese characters and sentence patterns. Basic knowledge includes writing, sentences, rhetoric, punctuation, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and logic. Reading and writing include six items: center, structure, language, material, expression and genre. Literary common sense includes ancient, modern, contemporary and foreign countries. Each item contains many knowledge points *** 13 1.
The Chinese knowledge tree of the third grade of primary school is as follows:
3. How to draw a Chinese knowledge tree?
First, the basic knowledge:
1, word: homophone, disyllabic, synonymous, polysemy, similarity, dictionary, six books.
2. Sentences: statement, question, conciseness, numerals, passivity, command, exclamation, ownerless, initiative and negation.
3. Rhetoric: analogy, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, quotation, metaphor, exaggeration, metonymy, contrast, irony and rhetorical question.
4. Punctuation symbols: period, pause, colon, exclamation point, bracket, dash, title, bullet, comma, semicolon, question mark, quotation mark, ellipsis, hyphen and interval.
5. Phonetics: initials, finals, pinyin scheme, Mandarin and tones.
6. Vocabulary: word structure, word explanation, synonyms, antonyms, commendatory words, derogatory words and idioms.
7. Grammar: parts of speech, phrases, simple sentences and complex sentences.
8. Logic: concept, judgment and reasoning.
Second, reading and writing.
1. Material: vivid, typical, central, novel and true.
2. Forms of expression: lyricism, discussion, narration, description and explanation.
3. Genre: script, poem, novel, prose, practical writing, expository writing, argumentative writing and narrative writing.
4. Center: vivid, correct, concentrated and profound.
5. Structure: hierarchy, beginning, transition, paragraph, end and care.
6. Language: accurate, vivid, concise and fluent.
Third, literary common sense.
1. Ancient times: Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
2. Modernity: Since the May 4th Movement, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation.
3. Contemporary: before the anti-rightist movement, before and after the Cultural Revolution.
4. Abroad: Asia, America and Europe.
Four, classical Chinese knowledge:
1. Characters: ancient and modern characters, variant characters, simplified characters, interchangeable characters.
2. Sentence patterns: judgment sentence, ellipsis sentence, passive sentence, inversion sentence.
3. Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.
4. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections.
4. Seek a Chinese knowledge tree.
First, the basic knowledge:
1, pronunciation: pay attention to polyphonic words and some words and phrases that are easy to mispronounce; This should be accumulated consciously in peacetime, and it is best to find a notebook to write it down.
2. Six Written Chinese Characters: "Six Books" refers to six methods of creating Chinese characters in ancient China, namely pictograph, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic characters, transliteration, borrowing, familiar books and examples.
3. Vocabulary: You can distinguish the usage of different synonyms and idioms (judging whether the idioms used are right or wrong according to the meaning will be found in multiple-choice questions)
Sentence: I can make some couplets and figurative sentences. ...
5. Grammar:
(1) Part of speech: According to whether words can be used as sentence components, words in modern Chinese can be divided into two categories: content words and function words. Any word that can serve as a sentence component alone is a notional word, and any word that cannot serve as a sentence component alone is a function word.
Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, adverbs, pronouns, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Function words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and modal particles, totaling *** 14.
(2) Structure of phrases: master five basic structural types of phrases (coordinate, radical, verb-object, verb-complement and subject-predicate), and understand several special structural types of phrases (object-object, word, orientation, will, compound reference, concurrent language, progressive verb, etc.). )
(3) Single sentence: the components of a single sentence: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement. Know how to divide and summarize the trunk.
(4) Complex sentences: Complex sentences can be divided into parallel complex sentences, successive complex sentences, progressive complex sentences, selective complex sentences, turning complex sentences, causal complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between cause and result), conditional complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between condition and result) and hypothetical complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between hypothesis and result).
6. Rhetoric: Common figures of speech: quotation, repetition, irony, personification, exaggeration, contrast, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, metaphor, metonymy), logic and punctuation.
Second, classical Chinese: words, notional words, function words and sentence patterns.
The requirement of junior high school is to understand the general idea of ancient Chinese with the help of reference books, with the emphasis on the process of memory and accumulation.
Classical Chinese vocabulary commonly used in senior high school:
(1) notional words (120)
Ai 'an was valued by the soldiers, and once took advantage of sincerity to take the blame and resign, which was full of dangers.
If you don't cover up the past, you won't care about returning to China. Why do you hate Hu's illness or illness?
If you see a solution between holidays, it is a pity to give up the spectator class. Momo was the poor man who moved in during that transitional period.
Persuasion is like saying, if you are good and less involved in winning knowledge, it is appropriate to publish a book.
Su Tang cried to death, Wang Wang looked at evil, Xie Xinxing Xing Xingxiu Xu Yang.
It is necessary to leave things that are easy to be negative and right to create knowledge and quality and to rule thieves.
Function words (15)
And what you do depends on what you do and what you do.
Third, literary common sense: foreign, ancient, modern and contemporary. It is the real name, native place, and what works the writer has written in the texts he has studied.
5. How to make a Chinese knowledge tree into a knowledge tree is essentially a hierarchical knowledge map, which expresses the causal relationship or subordinate relationship between all related organizational knowledge in order to achieve an organizational goal. Hierarchical knowledge map is widely used because of its symmetry, good graphics and continuity.
The knowledge tree of Chinese came into being in the late 1970s, which was drawn by Wei Shusheng, a teacher who felt that there were too many examination questions in Chinese education at that time, and there was a lack of order in teaching. Its origin is mainly based on two characteristics of Chinese class: "First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design thousands of examination questions around it. Second, every text, even a masterpiece, you missed the class during the lecture. As long as the foundation is good, the final or entrance exam will still be excellent. " [1] From the second feature, Mr. Wei Shusheng saw that "the knowledge of Chinese is also regular and has a stable structure". [2] Mastering these rules, students can constantly change in the exam, and students don't have to do a lot of exercises.
Based on this, in 1979, teacher Wei Shusheng began to guide students to draw the structural diagram of Chinese knowledge. After discussion, they chose the tree structure, read through six junior high school Chinese textbooks and drew a "Chinese knowledge tree". Although there are different opinions in the process of painting, it is basically determined to be four parts, 22 items, 13 1 knowledge point: the four parts are classical Chinese knowledge, basic knowledge, reading and writing and literary common sense in turn. Classical Chinese knowledge includes notional words, function words, Chinese characters and sentence patterns. Basic knowledge includes writing, sentences, rhetoric, punctuation, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and logic. Reading and writing include six items: center, structure, language, material, expression and genre. Literary common sense includes ancient, modern, contemporary and foreign countries. Each item contains many knowledge points *** 13 1.