It is a brief summary of the whole paper, which usually includes the main points of research purpose, methods, results and conclusions. The following are some basic guidelines for writing abstracts of papers:

1. Concise: The abstract should briefly introduce the main contents of the study and avoid lengthy and tedious descriptions. Usually the length of the abstract is about 150-250 words.

2. Clear structure: The abstract can be organized according to a certain structure, including research background, research purpose, methods, results and conclusions. The appropriate structure can be selected according to the specific situation.

3. Highlight the key points: The abstract should highlight the key points and highlights of the research and emphasize the innovation, contribution or discovery of the research. The main results and conclusions of the research can be mentioned to arouse readers' interest.

4. Avoid specific data and details: The abstract does not need to list specific data or experimental details in detail, but emphasizes the overall trend and main findings. The emphasis is on conveying the significance and results of the research, rather than providing detailed details.

5. Use concise and clear language: The abstract should use concise and clear language and avoid vague words. Use specific words and clear sentences, so that readers can quickly understand the learning content.

Keywords are keywords or phrases used to describe the theme and content of a paper. Here are some guidelines for writing keywords:

1. Relevance: Choosing keywords closely related to the theme of the paper can accurately summarize the core content of the paper.

2. Diversity: select a certain number of keywords, covering different aspects and topics involved in the paper.

3. Standardization: Select the standard keyword format and quantity according to academic norms and periodical requirements.

4. Specificity: Try to choose specific keywords, not too common or general words.

5. Use subject vocabulary: Use professional vocabulary related to the subject area, so that readers can accurately understand the research field and content of the paper.

It should be noted that the writing requirements of specific abstracts and keywords may vary according to the requirements of schools, colleges and periodicals. Therefore, when writing abstracts and keywords, it is recommended to read the relevant guidelines and requirements carefully, and communicate with tutors or instructors to ensure that they meet the specific requirements.