After the First Opium War, western capitalist powers invaded China one after another. However, they are not satisfied with the privileges and benefits they have obtained, and deliberately step up their violation of China's sovereignty and economic plunder. 1854, the 12th anniversary of the signing of treaty of nanking. Britain misinterpreted the provisions of the Wang Xia Treaty 12 years later that trade and sea areas could be slightly changed, invoked the MFN clause, and demanded a comprehensive revision of the treaty of nanking from the Qing government. The main contents are as follows: trade throughout China, legalization of opium trade, exemption of import and export goods from customs duties, and the presence of foreign minister in Beijing. France and the United States also requested to amend the treaty respectively. The Qing government refused and the negotiations were fruitless. 1856, the Wang Xia treaty expired for 12 years. With the support of Britain and France, the United States once again asked for a comprehensive revision of the treaty, but it was still rejected by the Qing government. Therefore, the western powers are determined to launch a new war of aggression against China. It was the spring of 2008, and the Crimean War was over. With the victory of Britain and France, more troops were transferred to China. Russia was defeated and tried to make up for the loss by invading China. The United States actively expanded outward and adopted the policy of collaborating with Britain and France to invade China.

process

1856 10 British colonialists used the Yarrow Incident to make excuses for the war. Arrow is a China ship. It was registered with the British authorities in Hong Kong for smuggling, but it has expired. On October 8th, 65438/kloc-0, Guangdong navy arrested several pirates and suspected sailors on the Yarrow. This is purely an internal affair of China and has nothing to do with Britain. At the behest of the British Ambassador to China, the British acting consul in Guangzhou wrote to the Governor of Guangdong and Hong Kong, Ye, saying that the Arrow was a British ship, and fabricated a story that China soldiers insulted the British flag flying on the ship, demanding the release of the arrested persons and apologizing. At first, Ye Chenming argued, but later compromised and sent all the prisoners to the British consulate. 10 year 10 on 23rd, the British ship suddenly broke into the estuary of Humen and attacked the battery along the Pearl River, flagrantly provoking a war of aggression. Then, the British army shelled Guangzhou and once invaded the inner city. The local soldiers and civilians bravely resisted. Due to the shortage of troops, the British army was forced to withdraw from the Pearl River inland river in June 1857+ 10, waiting for reinforcements.

In order to expand the war of aggression, 1857, in March, the British government appointed former Canadian Governor Erkin as the plenipotentiary to lead a navy and army to China. At the same time, I ask the French government to send troops jointly. Earlier, France was negotiating with China on the basis of "Father Ma incident" (also known as "Xilin religious case"). The so-called "Father Ma incident" refers to a case in which a French Catholic priest, Male, illegally entered the mainland of China, and was executed in Xilin County, Guangxi in February 1856. This case is not closed yet. 1857, the French government used this as an excuse to invade China, appointed Gro as the plenipotentiary, and led troops to China to coordinate with the British army.

1857 65438+In February, more than 5,600 British and French invaders (including French troops 1000) gathered at the mouth of the Pearl River to prepare for a massive attack. American envoy Li Weilian and Russian envoy Pu Yating also arrived in Hongkong, conspiring with Britain and France to invade China. At that time, the Qing government was trying its best to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army uprising, and it was "difficult to pay" to adopt a policy of "focusing on soldiers" against foreign invaders. Ye faithfully carried out the policies of the Qing government and did not fight for them. 12 On February 28th, the British and French allied forces shelled Guangzhou and landed to attack the city. Du Tonglai Village, Qian Zong Deng Anbang and others led the troops to resist tenaciously and fell the next day. Bai Gui, the governor of Guangdong Province, and General Guangzhou surrendered in Fengtian. Driven by the enemy, they continued to hold their original posts under the supervision of the "Coalition Committee" headed by Parkes. Ye Chenming was captured by the invading army and later sent to Calcutta. During the occupation of Guangzhou by the invading army, the local people waged an indomitable anti-imperialist struggle. Yimin near Guangzhou set up Yingyong Bureau in Foshan Town, gathering tens of thousands of people to resist and destroy the enemy. Patriotic compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao also went on strike to protest.

After the fall of Guangzhou, the invaders of the four countries conspired to continue northward in order to pose a direct threat to the Qing government. 1858 in April, the ministers of Britain, France, Russia and the United States successively led ships to Dagukou, and sent notes to the Qing government respectively, requesting to appoint plenipotentiaries to negotiate. Russia and the United States also expressed their willingness to act as mediators. Emperor Xianfeng ordered the Qing army to fortify Tianjin and Dagu Lake, and at the same time sent Tan Tingxiang, governor of Zhili, as an imperial envoy to negotiate in Dagu Lake, and pinned his hopes on the so-called "mediation" of Russian and American envoys. The British and French aggressors did not have the sincerity to negotiate, but only used it to delay time and step up military preparations. On May 20th, British and French warships shelled Dagu Fort. The Qing army stationed in each battery fought back and launched a fierce battle with the enemy. However, Tan Ting and others had no fighting spirit, followed the wind, the battery facilities were rudimentary, and Otani fell. On the 26th, British and French forces invaded the suburbs of Tianjin and threatened to attack Beijing. The Qing government quickly sent Gui Liang, a university student, and Hua Shana, a senior official of the official department, as imperial envoys to Tianjin for peace talks. Under the intimidation of the British and French aggressors, Gui Liang and others concluded the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France on June 26th and 27th respectively.

Article 56 of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, with annex; The Sino-French Tianjin Treaty consists of 42 articles, with about 6 articles attached. The main contents are as follows: ① the minister is stationed in Beijing; Niuzhuang (later renamed Yingkou), Dengzhou (later renamed Yantai), Taiwan Province Province (later renamed Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later renamed Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing and Zhenjiang were turned into trading ports; (3) allowing foreign missionaries to enter the mainland to preach freely; (4) Foreigners should travel and trade in the Mainland; ⑤ Foreign merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port; ⑥ Revise the tariff and reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships; All landowners to Britain four million and two thousand silver, two million and two thousand silver to France.

Prior to this, Russian and American envoys used the status of "transferor" to sign the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty 12 and the Sino-American Tianjin Treaty 30 with the Qing government in June 13 and June 18 respectively, and seized almost the same aggression privileges as those obtained by Britain and France except compensation. Paragraph 9 of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty also specifically stipulates that the two countries will send personnel to explore the "previously undefined border" and "make sure to bring the border clearing into this peace treaty" so as to solve it in the future, thus laying the groundwork for China to be further plundered by Russia.

After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Tianjin.