1 Common structures of argumentative writing: total score, contrast, progression, parallelism, total score+parallelism.

2 standard structure

Part I: General Introduction-(Section I) Draw out the viewpoint.

The second part:

(Section II) Analysis and evaluation opinions

Section (Section 3) establishes the first sub-parameter for the section.

Section IV: Establish the second argument for analysis.

Section 5: Establish the third argument for analysis.

Overview-The third part (Section 6) deepens and summarizes these viewpoints.

3 specific analysis:

Part I: Overview. Draw ideas (or just ask questions).

Requirements: Because this part will leave a first impression on the marking teacher at the beginning of the article, it is necessary to spend more time and try to use rhetorical devices such as metaphor, contrast and parallelism to write brilliantly. At the same time, we should stick to the central argument, get to the point quickly and avoid beating around the bush.

Example: What is Guan Ai? Care is considerate, it is lukewarm boiling water on the desk at midnight; Care is warmth, a fragrant lily before bed; Concern is sympathy, a shiny coin in a beggar's bowl; Caring is attention, and it is the happiness of mountain children holding books.

Part II: Sub-argument. The central argument can be divided into three sub-arguments, which are discussed from three aspects respectively.

Material: Penguins are huge, with no forearms to climb and no wings to fly. How do they get ashore from the water?

It turned out that when the penguin was about to land, it suddenly lowered its head, plunged into the sea from the sea and tried its best to dive. The deeper he dives, the greater the struggle and buoyancy generated by the sea. Penguins dive to a proper depth, then swing their feet and rise rapidly, just like an arrow leaving the string. He took off and landed on land, drawing a perfect arc.

This kind of diving is to gain power. It seems clumsy, but it is fruitful. Isn't life like this? According to your understanding of this text, please write an article with no less than 800 words on the topic of "Sinking", with your own ideas and style.

The key word of the train of thought is "diving", and the clue to express the main idea of the material is "this diving is for gaining momentum" From this point of view, life "diving" is also very important. Under the unfavorable situation and conditions, only by concentrating on gaining momentum can we succeed. From this, at least two best discussion angles can be obtained: why do you want to dive and why do you want to gain motivation in life? How to dive in life?

The structural model of the main exercises in this section is "total-sub-total", but the focus is on the "sub" of the middle main part, that is, the sub-argument. Before writing, you should carefully refine and write sub-arguments around the central argument and put them at the beginning of each layer. The requirements for writing sub-arguments are: divided and rational, divided and orderly, divided and moderate, divided and standardized.

Divide and rule means that the angle of enumerating and scrutinizing the arguments should be scientific and reasonable, and the focus should be accurate. Around the central argument, think from different angles, and the sub-arguments are not repeated, included or crossed; The center of gravity should be accurate, closely related to the key words, and cannot be offset.

Separate and orderly means to make a comprehensive list of the main points, analyze the relationship between the main points, and arrange their order, from heavy to light, from small to large, or from shallow to deep ... Don't ramble.

Divide and rule, that is, the number of arguments should reach the most reasonable number, neither too many (three or four is enough); Not too few (not less than three as far as possible). Because if there are more than five sub-arguments, each sub-argument can only be about 100 words in the required 800-word exam composition. In this case, it is generally difficult to make a deep and thorough argument; If there are less than three arguments, there will be a sense of structural incompleteness and asymmetry.

Differentiation and standardization mean that every argument should be expressed in a refined and standardized way. Specifically, each argument should not be too long and the number of words should be controlled within 20 words. If the argument is too long, it is often difficult for the examiner to see it at a glance. The number of words in each sub-argument should be roughly the same, and the structure should be similar, because such sentences are eye-catching, which can better show the examinee's extraordinary expressive ability and also reflect the integrity, rigor and exquisiteness of the thinking.

typical case

According to the requirements of the above sub-arguments, analyze what problems exist in the following sub-arguments.

Argument 1: Diving is very powerful. Sub-argument: (1) Write an article to emphasize a momentum. (2) People engaged in academic research need to pay special attention to diving.

Argument 2: The graceful arc comes from diving. Argument: (1) The arc after diving is the most perfect arc. (2) The arc after diving is the most attractive arc. (3) The arc after diving is a miracle arc.

Argument 3: Diving is very important. Sub-argument: (1) Diving is for the next eruption. (2) Diving is for the next more powerful explosion. (3) Diving is to hide your explosion.

Argument 1 has the following problems: First, the angle is improper. The two sub-arguments are expounded from two aspects: the author needs diving and the academic researcher needs diving. The narrow field of vision and the lack of universality of the object pointed by the article make it impossible to synthesize the argument into a complete logical framework; Second, there are only two sub-arguments, which are asymmetric and not rich; Third, the sub-argument (1) does not deduct the keyword "Shen Qian", and the sentence pattern is random, irregular and not refined.

The main problem of argument 2 is that the center of gravity is biased towards "arc" rather than "sinking", and the content is basically the same, lacking hierarchy.

Case diagnosis

Argument 3 (1)(2) Although the tone is progressive, the content is repetitive and it will be difficult to explain; The third sub-argument, "diving is to hide your own explosion behavior", overflows the central idea and has nothing to do with the main idea of the material.

Wonderful debate

1. Be prepared for life and have enough courage; To get the motivation of life, we must have a firm belief; To get the motivation of life, you should have persistent patience.

2. Diving can test our will; Diving can save our strength; Diving makes us more prepared; Diving makes us more confident about the future.

Example 1

The first section puts forward the viewpoint: Epiphyllum is quietly brewed for a year, just to get a charming night; Insects and cicadas practice underground for many years, in exchange for songs echoing around them; Penguins try their best to dive, and then get up quickly ... Natural phenomena show us the same philosophy: diving is the gestation before gorgeous, diving is the brewing before sonorous, and diving is the preparation before takeoff.

The second section analyzes the point of view: in the case of passive disadvantage, diving strategies can often turn passivity into initiative and disadvantages into advantages, thus achieving success. (Central argument) From ancient times to the present, from individuals to countries, countless facts have made a convincing interpretation of this philosophy.

the second part

Sub-argument 1 (3): Sinking makes people turn defeat into victory. For example, Gou Jian "dived to an appropriate depth" like a penguin, mobilized troops to attack Wu, Wu was defeated, and Fu Cha committed suicide.

Sub-argument 2 (4): Potential makes people outstanding. For example, why did condoleezza rice, a dark-skinned woman who was envied and hated by countless people, ascend the throne of the Secretary of State of the United States of America? I choose to dive like a penguin and draw a perfect arc of life in American politics.

Sub-argument 3 (5): Sinking makes the country rejuvenate. According to the complicated international situation and the reality and task that China is in the primary stage of socialism, Deng Xiaoping is far-sighted, and puts forward the guiding ideology of "keeping a low profile and making a difference". Did you dive like a penguin and finally achieve such brilliant achievements today?

Section VI: The analysis deepens the view that diving is not passive waiting, but accumulating nutrients like epiphyllum; Diving is not coveting comfort, but quietly honing self-improvement like a cicada; Diving is not to swallow, but to dive like a penguin. Although it is full of loneliness and pain, it can make nutrition rich, strength strong and the result wonderful.

Section 7; To sum up: take diving as our life strategy! No matter how difficult, passive and harsh our present situation is, as long as we have the wisdom of penguins, we will be able to "soar" and reach the seemingly unreachable shore.

Ex. 2: The depth of life determines the height of life.

Part 1: Ask questions:

Tsunamis spurting out are waiting in the depths of the sea, thunder and lightning shocking the world are brewing in the depths of clouds, and towering trees are rooted in the depths of the soil. Most of the power of nature comes from the depths of nature, and where does the power of our life come from?

Section two: analysis and suggestions.

There is no doubt that it comes from the depths of our lives. In other words, the depth of our life gives us the most critical strength, and the key strength determines the height of our life.

Point by point discussion

Sub-argument 1: The depth of diving comes from perseverance. For example, "a drop of water wears a stone, and a rope saws wood"; It took Russian painter Lie Bin 20 years to complete Pushkin on the Neva River, which showed the depth of his life.

Sub-argument 2: The depth of diving comes from consistent concentration. For example, Lu, a famous entomologist, devoted himself to research during his work at Hangzhou University and stayed by the West Lake for more than ten years. He said: "There are too many beautiful things in the world, but I have more." The deep beauty of his life eclipsed Xizi Lake.

Three: the depth of diving comes from the courage not afraid of difficulties. Madame Curie is a scientist and a brave person. After she overcame one difficulty after another, the depth of life extended in one exclamation point after another.

Deepen the point of view: without diving into the water, penguins will have no power to break through the water and land, and there will be no beautiful arc; Similarly, without diving efforts, a person can only float in the long river of life, never land on his own land, let alone fly in his own sky.

Section 7: Summary of Deductions

Rome was not built in a day, and the Yangtze River was not built in one river. Our diving needs our perseverance, concentration and courage. With these, let time accumulate our energy and let life brew our explosion. Only the moment when we soar in the sky is the moment when we create new heights in life and show the great power of diving.

2 college entrance examination composition training: discuss the opening mode and skills of prose

Wonderful beginning, quick introduction, proper arrangement, brilliant literary talent, clear theme words and epigrams have played a very good role in "phoenix head" and attracted people. Its basic thinking format is: (1) nature or society or history or reality or Chinese and foreign or life or philosophy, etc. These are all wonderful and close to the topic. Such as famous sayings, events, phenomena, details, fables, situations, emotions, etc. , as an introduction or demonstration material, to enhance the heavy feeling at the beginning. (2) Point out the topics in the materials, stick to the center, arrange literary talent, and inject the passion of discussion. (3) Finally, it is best to express the central argument clearly and make it an epigram. Now I will provide you with some thinking templates for you to try to figure out.

Template 1: Happiness is always by your side. If you take over the work from your mother and feel warm, that is happiness; If you read a friend's letter under the lamp and taste friendship, it is happiness; If you sit alone in the corner, quietly listening to songs and meditating, that is happiness.

Style: □□, always by your side □. If you are □, it is □; If you are here, have a taste, that is; If you □ ,□ ,□, that's □. Dig out the factors that meet the topic from the details of life, describe the topic discussed vividly, and interpret the connotation of the topic. )

Template 2: I used to love the weeds on the ruins of Greece in translated poems, the beautiful beaches of Hawaii in landscape postcards, and "How the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky" in thread-bound books, trying to build a lost boat in a fragrant lotus in the south of the Yangtze River ... But I was half-dead by the light, and suddenly found that it was still the eagle bird on the central mountain, the eagle bird I had never seen before.

Style: I once loved in □□; I once loved □ in □; I once fell in love with "□" ... but □, □, I suddenly found it was still □. (turning thinking, comparative thinking. This paragraph has two meanings. The first layer consists of four parallel clauses, which should reflect the author's consciousness of affirming first and then denying, and the second layer is the affirmative content obtained from it. )

Template 3: Communication is a bridge built on people's hearts, which enables people who are separated from each other to deepen their understanding and enhance their friendship.

Style: □□□□ is a □□□, which makes people □□, □. (topic+metaphor)

Template 4: What is love? Love is the wind, love is the rain. Because of love, we are willing to be indifferent to quiet days; Because of our love, we dare to wear boots to meet them. This passage begins with a question, followed by two figurative answers, followed by two juxtaposed sentences to express our views. This style is suitable for writing topics such as love, tolerance, modesty, fun, honesty and choice. )

Style: What is it? □□ Yes □, □□ Yes □. Because □, we □; It's also because □□, we □ ,□.

Template 5: If someone asks, "What is spring like?" Some people will say that the grass grows and the warblers fly, and the peanut trees are miscellaneous; Bai Juyi said that "at sunrise, the river is redder than fire, and in spring, the river is greener than blue"; Su Shi said that "Artemisia sphaerocephala has short buds all over the ground, which is the time when the puffer fish wants to go up"; Li Bai said that "the grass in your north is blue as jade, and the mulberry here is curved and blue"; Du Mu said that "thousands of birds sing green and red, and the water town is full of fruit wine flags", but I said, "These springs are all charming and colorful in spring." ...

Style: If someone asks, "What is it like?" □□□□□ Say "□□□□□□□, □□□□"; □□□□□ Say "□□□□□□□, □□□□"; □□□□□ Say "□□□□□□□, □□□□"; □□□□□□□□□ Say "□□□□□□□□, □□□□□".

However, I said □□□□□□□□□□.

This sentence pattern is characterized by quoting a large number of poems and adding literary grace. This style is suitable for any article with nouns as its theme.

Template 6:

The choice is a meteor that suddenly glides across the deep sky.

Choice is a mysterious smile that flits across young people's faces.

The choice is the beautiful ripples on the calm blue waves.

The choice is so tempting-like a beautiful woman through a veil, like a bud full of life, like a strand of flowers floating in a quiet valley.

Style: □□□□□□□, that is □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

□□□□□□□□, it is □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

□□□□□□□□, it is □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

□□□□□□□□, that's it □□□□□□□□□□□□

(Comments: topic+metaphor, parallelism, arrangement. A series of colorful metaphors are really fascinating, which may make the reviewers instantly immersed in a beautiful pleasure and have to admire the talents of the candidates. )

Template 7: The eagle may appreciate its vigorous wings and let it fly freely, but forget the breadth given to it by the sky. Plum blossom may appreciate its quiet fragrance and make it bloom happily, but forget the tempering given by wind and frost. And we may only appreciate the help of our loved ones, but forget to open another door for us. (Open another heart door)

Style: Maybe we will appreciate it and make it possible, but forget what we gave it. Maybe we will appreciate it and make it possible, but forget what we gave it. We may appreciate it, but forget it.

The arrangement of three parallel sentences gives readers a fresh and refreshing feeling, and skillfully links the topic of "emotional closeness and cognition of things", which is full of new ideas and rich connotations. )

Template 8: What is memory? "Memory is ashes." Someone once said, "It burned, but it will eventually go out." "Memory is running water." Someone once said, "It rushes in, but it always disappears beyond the horizon." "Memory is a fallen flower." Someone once said, "It emits fragrance, glows and gives off heat, but it always falls helplessly with the wind.

In fact, even ashes can be melted into the soil to promote the growth of new buds. Even tap water, in the final analysis, can't solve the thirst of travelers? Even if the fallen flowers are scattered one after another, don't they just reveal the information that is gestating under the fruit ... (memory)

Style: exactly? "It's AA." Someone once said, "it will pass, but it will eventually." "it's BB." Someone once said, "It comes, but it will always go." "It's CC." Someone once said.

In fact, even if it is CC, it is ok to go to CC. Even BB, when it comes to □□□□□□□□□□ Isn't it □□□□□□ Even AA, between □□□□□□□□□□□□□, isn't it …

Commentary: This * * * has two meanings. The first sentence is a rhetorical question and an outline. 234 sentences are someone's answers, and the words are apt and changeable. The second half of each sentence expresses a negative fatalism. The three clauses in the second layer discuss the above viewpoints with reverse thinking, indicating a positive emotion. This sentence pattern is suitable for getting to the point and putting forward your own views.

Conclusion: The above formats can be used to write compositions containing topic words, such as sincerity, love, tolerance and friction. What about the proposition of relational sentences? In expression, we should name the theme elements and highlight the relationship.