Newton Archimedes Einstein Ampere Oster Maxwell Kepler Hertz Faraday Joule Hawking Descartes Coulomb
Introduction to academic achievements. Not including life. Because of the word limit. It's too simple and boring, and it can't be pasted.
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Isaac? Sir Newton (SirIsaacNewtonFRS, 1 64365438+1October 4th to June 5438+March 0727 3 1) is a member of British physicist, mathematician and astronomer. In the paper Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted. In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and developed the color theory based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into a visible spectrum. He also systematically expressed the cooling law and studied the speed of sound. Mathematically, Newton and gottfried? Leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem and put forward Newton's method to approximate the zero point of function, which contributed to the study of power series.
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Archimedes (about 287 ~ 2 BC12) was a physicist and mathematician in ancient Greece and the founder of statics and hydrostatics.
Archimedes is undoubtedly one of the greatest mathematicians and scientists produced by ancient Greek civilization. His outstanding contributions in many scientific fields earned him the high respect of his contemporaries.
Mechanics: Archimedes made the most outstanding achievements in mechanics. He systematically and strictly proved the lever law and laid the foundation of statics. Archimedes systematically studied the center of gravity and lever principle of an object on the basis of summarizing the experience of predecessors, put forward a method to accurately determine the center of gravity of an object, and pointed out that supporting it in the center of the object can keep the object in balance. In the process of studying machinery, he discovered the law of lever and used this principle to design and manufacture many machines. He discovered the law of buoyancy in the process of studying floating bodies, which is also known as Archimedes principle.
Geometry: Archimedes' calculation method for determining the area of parabola bow, helix and circle, and the surface area and volume of ellipsoid, paraboloid and other complex geometric bodies. In the process of deriving these formulas, he founded the "exhaustive method", which is what we call the method of gradually approaching the limit today, and is therefore recognized as the originator of calculus calculation. He calculated pi more accurately by increasing the number of sides and approximating the areas of inscribed polygons and circumscribed polygons. Facing the tedious numerical representation in ancient Greece, Archimedes also pioneered the method of memorizing large numbers, which broke through the restriction that Greek letters could not exceed 10 thousand at that time and solved many mathematical problems with it.
Astronomy: Archimedes also made outstanding achievements in astronomy. In addition to the planetary instruments mentioned above, he also thinks that the earth is spherical and revolves around the sun, which is earlier than Copernicus' "Heliocentrism" 1800 years. Limited by the conditions at that time, he did not make a thorough and systematic study on this issue. But it is remarkable to put forward such an opinion as early as the third century BC.
Writings: There are more than 10 mathematical works handed down by Archimedes, most of which are Greek manuscripts. His works focus on quadrature problems, mainly the area of curved edges and the volume of curved cubes. His style is deeply influenced by Euclid's Elements of Geometry. First, he established some definitions and assumptions, and then proved them in turn. As a mathematician, he wrote about the measurement of spheres and cylinders, circles, the quadrature of parabolas, the calculation of spirals, cones and spheres, and sand. As a mechanic, he wrote many mechanical works, such as On the Balance of Numbers, On Floating Bodies and On Lever and Principle.
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Albert Einstein (1879- 1955) Celebrity Title: Physicist Country: German-American Nationality.
1905 and 19 15 respectively put forward the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity, reinterpreted the basic concepts of physics, revised Newtonian mechanics, replaced the traditional theory of universal gravitation, and made the predictions of physical theory more accurate. Einstein and Newton are giants in the history of physics. [More information from]
1905 is a magical year in Einstein's life and in the history of physics. Einstein's superhuman wisdom, generate, shines brilliantly. At the age of 26, without other academic connections, he published three papers that shocked the physics community within one year: the quantum theory of light (explaining the photoelectric effect), Brownian motion (proving the existence of molecules) and special relativity (modifying Newtonian mechanics). In the next few years, Einstein rose from an unknown young student to an internationally renowned scholar. Famous European schools compete for gifts. 19 12, Einstein was very happy to return to his alma mater in Zurich to teach, but not long after, he went to Berlin for research at the invitation of the German scientific community.
19 15, Einstein published another masterpiece-general relativity, which replaced Newton's theory of universal gravitation and had a far-reaching impact on the theoretical development of physics and the understanding of cosmic phenomena. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for explaining the photon theory of photoelectric effect and became a world-famous celebrity.
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Andre? Mary? French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) has made outstanding achievements in the research of electromagnetic action, and also made contributions in mathematics and chemistry.
The most important achievement of Ampere is the study of electromagnetic action from 1820 to 1827.
(1) discovered ampere's law.
Oster's experiment of discovering the magnetic effect of current attracted Ampere's attention, which greatly impacted his long-standing belief in Coulomb's creed that electricity has nothing to do with magnetism. He concentrated all his energy on this research. Two weeks later, he presented a report on the relationship between the rotation direction of the magnetic needle and the current direction and the ruler from the right hand. Later, this law was named Ampere's Law.
(2) Discover the interaction law of current.
Then he proposed that two parallel current-carrying wires with the same current direction attract each other, and two parallel current-carrying wires with opposite current directions repel each other. The attraction and repulsion between the two coils are also discussed.
③ The galvanometer was invented.
Ampere also found that the magnetism of the current flowing in the coil was similar to that of a magnet, and made the first solenoid. On this basis, he invented a galvanometer to detect and measure current.
④ Propose the molecular flow hypothesis.
He explained the origin of geomagnetism and the magnetism of matter according to the viewpoint that magnetism is produced by moving charges. The famous molecular flow hypothesis was put forward. Ampere thinks that there is a kind of annular current-molecular current inside the molecules that make up the magnet. Because of the molecular current, each magnetic molecule becomes a small magnet, and both sides are equivalent to two magnetic poles. Usually, the molecular current orientation of magnet molecules is disordered, and the magnetic fields generated by them cancel each other, so they are not magnetic to the outside world. When the external magnetic field acts, the orientations of molecular currents are almost the same, and the adjacent currents between molecules cancel each other, but the surface parts do not cancel each other, and their effects show macroscopic magnetism. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis could not be confirmed when little was known about the material structure at that time, which contained quite a few speculative components; It has been learned today that matter is made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms, in which electrons move around the nucleus. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis has real content and becomes an important basis for understanding the magnetism of matter.
⑤ Summarized the law of action between current elements-Ampere's law.
Ampere made four exquisite experiments on current interaction, summed up the law of force between current elements with superb mathematical skills, and described the relationship between the interaction between two current elements and the size, spacing and relative orientation of two current elements. Later, people called this law ampere's law. Ampere was the first to call the theory of electrodynamics "electrodynamics". 1827, Ampere integrated his research on electromagnetic phenomena into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics. This is an important classic work in the history of electromagnetism. In order to commemorate his outstanding contribution to electromagnetism, the unit of current "ampere" was named after his surname.
He also made many contributions in mathematics and chemistry. He studied probability theory and integral partial differential equations; Almost at the same time as David H, he knew the elements chlorine and iodine, derived avogadro's law, demonstrated the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature, and tried to find the classification and arrangement order of various elements.
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Hans christian oersted; ; 1777 ~ 185 1) Danish physicist. Scientific achievements
The magnetic effect of current is found in 1. 1820.
Since Coulomb put forward that electricity and magnetism are essentially different, few people have considered the relationship between them. Physicists such as Ampere and Biot don't think there will be any connection between electricity and magnetism. However, Oster has always believed that electricity, magnetism, light and heat are interrelated in essence. Franklin, in particular, once found that Leiden bottle discharge can magnetize steel needles, which strengthened his view. At that time, someone tried to find the connection between electricity and magnetism, and the result failed. After analyzing these experiments, Oster thinks that there seems to be no effect in the direction of current, so will the magnetic effect be transverse?
1820 in April, there was a lecture in the evening, and Oster demonstrated the experiment of current magnetic effect. When the primary battery is connected to the platinum wire, the small magnetic needle near the platinum wire swings. This unremarkable phenomenon did not attract the attention of the audience, but Oster was very excited. He studied it deeply for three months in a row. On July 2 1820, he announced the experiment.
Oster connected one end of the wire to the positive electrode of galvani battery, and the wire was placed parallel to the small magnetic needle in the north-south direction. When the other end of the wire is connected to the negative electrode, the magnetic needle immediately points to the east-west direction. Non-magnetic objects such as glass plate, sawdust and stone are inserted between the wire and the magnetic needle, even if the small magnetic needle is immersed in a copper box filled with water, the magnetic needle will still deflect.
Oster believes that there is a "current surge" around the live wire. This impact can only act on magnetic particles, but it can pass through non-magnetic objects. When magnetic substances or particles are impacted, they are prevented from passing through, so they are driven to deflect.
When the wire is placed under the magnetic needle, the small magnetic needle deflects in the opposite direction; If the wire is placed horizontally in the east-west direction, the magnetic needle will always remain stationary regardless of whether the wire is placed above or below the magnetic needle.
He believes that the current shock propagates along the spiral line with the wire as the axis, and the thread direction is perpendicular to the axis. This is a description of the lateral effect of the image.
Although Oster's explanation of magnetic effect is not completely correct, it does not affect the great significance of this experiment. It is proved that electricity and magnetic energy are mutually transformed, which lays the foundation for the development of electromagnetism.
2. Other achievements
Oster once studied chemical affinity. 1822, he accurately measured the compressibility of water and demonstrated the compressibility of water. In 1823, he also made a successful research on thermoelectric. He also made some important improvements to the Coulomb torsion balance.
Oster first refined aluminum in 1825, but the purity was not high, so that this achievement was attributed to German chemist F. Willer (1827) in metallurgical history. His last research was the study of diamagnetism in the late 1940s, trying to explain the diamagnetism of matter by anti-parallel effect. During the same period, Faraday surpassed Oster and his French counterparts in this respect. Faraday proved that there is no so-called anti-magnetic pole. The concepts of magnetic permeability and magnetic field lines are used to explain magnetism and diamagnetism. However, Oster's method of studying antiferromagnets still has a profound influence.
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Maxwell (james clerk maxwell1831-1879)1a great British physicist and mathematician in the 9th century.
Based on the theory of steady field, the concepts of eddy current and displacement current are put forward:
1. Maxwell put forward the concept of vortex electric field, revealed that the changing magnetic field can excite the electric field in space, and obtained the relationship between them through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, namely
The above formula shows that any time-varying magnetic field is related to the eddy electric field.
2. Maxwell's concept of displacement current reveals that the changing electric field can excite the magnetic field in space, and by introducing the concept of total current, the general expression of Ampere's loop theorem in vacuum or medium is obtained, namely
The above formula shows that any time-varying electric field is related to the magnetic field.
Based on the above two points, we can see that the changing electric field and the changing magnetic field are not isolated from each other, they are always closely linked and mutually excited, forming a unified electromagnetic field as a whole. This is the basic concept of Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory.
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Kepler Germany
He put forward his first two laws of planetary motion in his magnum opus New Astronomy published in 1609. The first law of planetary motion holds that every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, and the sun is located at a focus of this elliptical orbit. The second law of planetary motion holds that the closer a planet is to the sun, the faster it moves. The speed of the planet changes in such a way that the line between the planet and the sun sweeps the same area at equal time. Ten years later, Kepler published his third law of planetary motion: the farther a planet is from the sun, the longer its running period; The square of the operation period is proportional to the cube of the distance from the sun.
Kepler's law gives a complete and correct description of the motion of planets around the sun and solves a basic problem in astronomy. The answer to this question puzzled even geniuses like Copernicus and Galileo. At that time, Kepler failed to explain the reasons for its regular operation in orbit until1late 7th century, when Isaac? Newton made it clear. Newton once said, "If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." Kepler is undoubtedly one of the giants he refers to.
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German physicist Hertz,
According to Maxwell's theory, electric disturbance can radiate electromagnetic waves. According to the principle that the capacitor will oscillate through the spark gap, Hertz designed a set of electromagnetic wave generator. Hertz connects both ends of the induction coil to two copper bars of the generator. When the current of the induction coil is suddenly interrupted, the high voltage induced by it will generate sparks between the spark gaps. In an instant, the charge oscillates between zinc plates through the spark gap, and the frequency is as high as one million cycles. According to Maxwell's theory, this spark should generate electromagnetic waves, so Hertz designed a simple detector to detect this electromagnetic wave. He bent a short piece of wire into a circle, leaving a small spark gap at both ends of the wire. Because electromagnetic waves will induce voltage on this small coil, the spark gap will generate sparks. So he sat in a dark room, and the detector was 0/0 meter away from the oscillator. As a result, he found that there was indeed a small spark between the spark gaps of the detector. Hertz covered the wall at the far end of the darkroom with a zinc plate that can reflect electric waves. The incident and reflected waves should overlap to produce a standing wave, which was also confirmed by the detector's detection at different distances from the oscillator. Hertz first calculates the frequency of the oscillator, and then measures the wavelength of the standing wave with a detector. The product of the two is the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves. As Maxwell predicted. The speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is equal to the speed of light. 1888, Hertz experiment was successful, and Maxwell's theory won great glory. Hertz pointed out in experiments that electromagnetic waves can be reflected, refracted and polarized like visible light and thermal waves. The electromagnetic wave emitted by his oscillator is a plane polarized wave, and its electric field is parallel to the conductor of the oscillator, while its magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field, both of which are perpendicular to the propagation direction. In a famous speech in 1889, Hertz clearly pointed out that light is a kind of electromagnetic phenomena. The first transmission of information by electromagnetic waves began in Marconi, Italy in 1896. 190 1 year, Marconi successfully sent the signal to the United States across the Atlantic. In the 20th century, radio communication made extraordinary progress. Hertz experiment not only confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, but also found a way for the development of radio, television and radar.
1887165438+1October 5th, Hertz sent Helmholtz a paper entitled "On the Induction Phenomenon Caused by Electrical Process in Insulators", which summarized this important discovery. Then, Hertz also confirmed through experiments that electromagnetic waves are shear waves with characteristics similar to light, such as reflection, refraction and diffraction. The interference of two kinds of electromagnetic waves is tested, which proves that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in a straight line is the same as that of light, thus fully verifying the correctness of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. And further improve Maxwell's equations to make them more beautiful and symmetrical, and get the modern form of Maxwell's equations. In addition, Hertz made a series of experiments. He studied the influence of ultraviolet light on spark discharge and found the photoelectric effect, that is, the phenomenon that an object will release electrons under the irradiation of light. This discovery later became the basis of Einstein's light quantum theory.
1888+65438 10, Hertz summarized these achievements in the article "On the Propagation Speed of Electrokinetic Effect". After the publication of Hertz experiment, it caused a sensation in the scientific world. The electromagnetic theory initiated by Faraday and summarized by Maxwell won a decisive victory.
1888 became a milestone in the history of modern science. Hertz's discovery is of epoch-making significance, which not only confirms the truth discovered by Maxwell, but also opens a new era of radio electronic technology.
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Faraday, English physicist and chemist,
Faraday is mainly engaged in the research of electricity, magnetism, magneto-optic and electrochemistry, and has made a series of important discoveries in these fields. After Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current in 1820, Faraday put forward the bold idea of "generating electricity by magnetism" in 182 1 and began a hard exploration. 182 1 September, he found that the electrified wire can rotate around the magnet, and the magnet moves around the current-carrying conductor, which realized the transformation from electromagnetic motion to mechanical motion for the first time, thus establishing the laboratory model of the motor. Then, after numerous experiments failed, the law of electromagnetic induction was finally discovered at 183 1. This epoch-making great discovery has enabled mankind to master the methods of mutual transformation of electromagnetic motion and mutual transformation of mechanical energy and electrical energy, and has become the basis of modern generator, motor and transformer technology.
Faraday is the founder of electromagnetic field theory. He put forward the concepts of magnetic lines and electric lines for the first time, further deepened and developed the idea of electric lines in the research of electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry and electrostatic induction, put forward the idea of field for the first time, established the concepts of electric field and magnetic field, and denied the viewpoint of action at a distance. Einstein once pointed out that the idea of field is Faraday's most creative thought and the most important discovery since Newton. Maxwell inherited and developed Faraday's field thought, found a perfect mathematical expression for it and established the electromagnetic field theory.
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Joule (18 18- 1889) UK
1840, Joule put the loop coil into a test tube filled with water, and measured the water temperature at different current intensities and resistances. Through this experiment, he found that the heat released by the conductor in a certain time is directly proportional to the product of the square of the conductor resistance and the current intensity. Four years later, Russian physicist Lengci published a large number of his experimental results, which further verified the correctness of Joule's conclusion about the thermal effect of current. Therefore, this law is called Joule-Lenz Law.
After Joule summed up Joule-Lenz law, it was further assumed that the heat generated by battery current and the heat generated by electromagnetic machine induced current should be essentially the same. 1843, Joule designed a new experiment. Wind a small coil around the iron core, measure the induced current with an ammeter, put the coil in a container filled with water, measure the water temperature and calculate the heat. This circuit is completely closed and there is no external power supply. The increase of water temperature is only the result of the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and electrical energy into thermal energy, and there is no heat and mass transfer in the whole process. This experimental result completely negates the heat theory.
The above experiment also reminds Joule of the connection between mechanical work and heat. After repeated experiments and measurements, Joule finally measured the mechanical equivalent of heat, but the result was not accurate. On August 2 1843 and 2 1 day, Joule reported his paper "On the Thermal Effect of Electromagnetic and the Mechanical Value of Heat". In his paper, he said that the heat of 1 kcal was equivalent to 460kg·m of work, and his report was not supported and strongly responded. Later, he realized that more accurate experiments were needed.
1844 Joule studied the temperature change of air in the process of expansion and compression, and he made many achievements in this respect. Joule calculated the thermal velocity of gas molecules by studying the relationship between the velocity and temperature of gas molecules, which laid the foundation of Boyle-Edm Edme Mariotte's law and Guy-Lussac's law in theory and explained the nature of gas pressure on the wall. Many of Joule's experiments in the research process were conducted with the famous physicist William? Thomson (later named Lord Kelvin, all JJ? Thomson) * * * has been completed. Twenty of Joule's ninety-seven scientific papers were the result of their cooperation. When the freely diffused gas enters the low-pressure container from the high-pressure container, the temperature of most gases and air will drop, which is found by both. This phenomenon was later called Joule-Thomson effect.
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Stephen? William? Stephen william hawking (UK)
Theoretical physics:
Hawking and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem in the 1970s, and he also proved the area theorem of black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. He has transcended the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang and entered the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.
Professor Hawking is a modern popular science novelist;
His masterpiece is A Brief History of Time written in 1988, which is an excellent astronomical popular science novel. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages.
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Rene descartes was born in France on March 36, 0596. He is a great philosopher, physicist, mathematician and physiologist. The founder of analytic geometry.
Descartes' achievements
Descartes' contribution to science is various. However, his philosophy and methodology play a more important role in his life activities. His philosophical thoughts had a great influence on the later development of philosophy and science.
◆ Physical aspects
Descartes made a useful contribution to physics by virtue of genius intuition and strict mathematical reasoning. Descartes began to read Kepler's optical works from 16 19, and always paid attention to the lens theory. He also participated in the study of the essence, reflection and refractive index of light and lens grinding from both theoretical and practical aspects. He believes that the theory of light is the most important part of the whole knowledge system.
Descartes used his coordinate geometry to engage in optical research, and put forward the theoretical derivation of refraction law for the first time in Refractive Optics. He thinks that light is the propagation of pressure in the ether. From the viewpoint of light emission theory, he calculated the reflection, refraction and total reflection of light on the interface between two media by using the model of tennis ball hitting cloth, and thus deduced the law of refraction for the first time under the assumption that the velocity component parallel to the interface is unchanged. But his hypothesis is wrong, and his deduction leads to the wrong conclusion that the speed of light increases when it enters the dense medium from the sparse medium. He also made an optical analysis of people's eyes, explained that the cause of vision impairment was the deformation of the lens, and designed a lens to correct vision.
In mechanics, Descartes developed Galileo's theory of motion relativity. For example, in the book "Principles of Philosophy", a vivid example of the watch wheel of a sailor's pocket watch on a sailboat is given to illustrate the reason that reference objects need to be selected in motion and stillness.
In the second chapter of Principles of Philosophy, Descartes first expressed the law of inertia in the form of the first law and the second law of nature: as long as an object starts to move, it will continue to move at the same speed and in the same straight line direction until it meets some obstacles or deviations caused by external reasons. Here, he emphasized the linearity of inertial motion that Galileo did not explicitly express.
In this chapter, he also clearly put forward the law of conservation of momentum for the first time: the total amount of matter and motion will never change. Descartes made a preliminary study on collision and centrifugal force, which created conditions for Huygens' success later.
◆ Astronomy
Descartes applied his mechanistic viewpoint to celestial bodies, developed the theory of cosmic evolution and formed his theory of the origin and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development than just from the existing form. He founded the vortex theory. He thinks that there is a huge vortex around the sun, which drives the planets to keep running. The particles of matter are in a unified vortex, which distinguishes the three elements in motion: earth, air and fire. Earth forms planets, and fire forms the sun and stars.
He believes that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia and the pressure of some cosmic material vortex on celestial bodies, and there must be a celestial body in the center of various vortex sizes, so this hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies. Descartes' etheric vortex model of the origin of the sun relies on mechanics instead of theology for the first time to explain the formation process of celestial bodies, the sun, planets, satellites and comets. , a century earlier than Kant's nebula theory, is the most authoritative cosmology in17th century.
Descartes' theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close interaction, like his whole ideological system, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical thoughts and rigorous scientific methods, which played a role in opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, and had a far-reaching impact on the thoughts of many natural scientists; On the other hand, it often stays in the intuitive and qualitative stage, rather than starting from quantitative experimental facts, so some concrete conclusions often have many defects, which have become the main opposites of Newtonian physics and caused extensive debates.
◆ Mathematics.
Descartes' most outstanding achievement in the development of mathematics is the creation of analytic geometry. In Descartes' time, algebra was still a relatively new discipline, and geometric thinking still dominated the minds of mathematicians. Descartes devoted himself to studying the connection between algebra and geometry. 1637, after establishing the coordinate system, he successfully established analytic geometry. His achievements laid the foundation for the creation of calculus. Analytic geometry is still one of the important mathematical methods.
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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb1736-1806 is a French engineer and physicist.
Coulomb theorem:
Coulomb's law is a physical law discovered by French physicist Charles-Augustin de (1736-1806) in 1785, and later named after himself. Coulomb's law is the first quantitative law in the history of electricity development, which makes the research of electricity from qualitative to quantitative, and is an important milestone in the history of electricity.
Coulomb's Law: In vacuum, the magnitude of the interaction between two static point charges q 1 and q2 is directly proportional to the product of q 1q2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between them. The direction of the interaction force is along their connection line, the charges of the same sign repel each other, and the charges of different signs attract each other.
1773 published a paper on the strength of materials, and the method of calculating the stress and strain distribution on objects is still in use today, which is the theoretical basis of structural engineering. 1777 began to study static electricity and magnetism. At that time, the French Academy of Sciences offered a reward for improving the magnetic needle in the navigation compass. Coulomb thinks that the magnetic needle supported on the shaft will inevitably bring friction, and puts forward to hang the magnetic needle with fine hair or silk thread. In the study, it was found that the torsion of the wire was proportional to the angle of the needle, so that the electrostatic force and magnetic force could be measured by this device, which prompted him to invent the torsion balance. He also established the law of elastic torsion according to the fact that the torsion of silk thread or metal wire is proportional to the rotation angle of the pointer. He analyzed the friction force according to 1779, put forward the scientific theory about lubricant, found the relationship between friction force and pressure in 188 1, and expressed the laws of friction, rolling and sliding. Design underwater operation method, similar to modern caisson. From 1785 to 1789, the electrostatic and magnetic forces were measured with a torsion balance, and the famous Coulomb's law was derived. Coulomb's law makes the study of electromagnetism from qualitative to quantitative, which is an important milestone in the history of electromagnetism.
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I organized it myself, and the above contents include-
Newton Archimedes Einstein Ampere Oster Maxwell Kepler Hertz Faraday Joule Hawking Descartes Coulomb
Introduction to academic achievements. Not including life. Because of the word limit. It's too simple and boring, and it can't be pasted.