Generally, a standard paper abstract can be done in five sentences, which is a one-sentence summary of each part:

1. 1 Introduction: the reason of this study, the deficiency or deficiency of the research status of this study;

1.2 method: the research method adopted;

1.3 data: what kind of data are used to verify your method;

1.4 results: what conclusions have been drawn from the study;

1.5 Interpretation: What is the significance of the conclusion to the research field and practice (theoretical and practical significance)?

Step 2 introduce

2. 1 research background:

The purpose is to confirm the importance of this research problem. If the losses caused by such problems are very serious, it is very important to study this problem.

2.2 Research questions:

What problems (or aspects) should be studied under the above research background; Under the above research background, what aspects can this study solve the existing practical problems?

2.3 Research Status:

What did others do, what did others do and what problems did they find?

2.4 What are the problems and deficiencies in the existing research?

What have others not done? Why didn't others do better? It also shows that the lack of these studies will bring serious consequences.

2.5 Objectives and scope of this study:

This study makes up for the shortcomings of these problems (these problems have not been done or done well), and what research methods are used to make up for them? State the limitations of this study and highly summarize the conclusions of this paper.

2.6 article structure: the basic content structure of the subsequent part of this article.

3. Literary criticism

Objective: Literature review proves and explains two points: first, the setting of research objectives is meaningful; Secondly, the method you adopted in this study is reliable and effective. Www.lxws.net, international students write papers.

Includes three levels of content:

3. 1 Justification of the topic (the research problem you found). That is to say, it is meaningful to let readers know about this research in this research field for the research problems that have not been done well or done;

3.2 What are the contents worthy of reference and reference in the existing literature (including analytical tools and achievements)?

3.3 What is worth learning from unrelated or adjacent research fields, focusing on the research methods that can be used for reference.

3.2 and 3.3 determine the research methods.

Supplementary note: pay attention to the difference between the research purpose and the research scope in introduction 2.5.

Summary: Literature review is not a review of literature, but a discovery of problems, not a review. It is not a detailed description and summary of all relevant literature, but a high summary of the relevant research status. So far, the research questions, research objectives and research methods have been clarified, and have been proved and defended.

4. Methodology

This part mainly introduces the methods. This part includes three aspects:

4. 1 research strategy (research strategy)

Summarize the research process. What kind of research strategy should be adopted to do such research: that is, the research ideas adopted.

4.2 Data acquisition method

What kind of data (variables) need to be collected on the basis of in-depth understanding of the research problem. The concept of data here is broad, not specific data, but includes data structure and variables (factors to be considered).

4.3 Data analysis methods

Such as mathematical analysis, logical analysis (reasoning), statistical model and other data analysis methods. Statistical model (model establishment, model verification (model calculation), model inference (some results inferred during calculation), model evaluation and comparison).

5. Data data

Mainly around the data, make a brief description of the data you collected and describe the characteristics of the collected data. For example, from which institution did A data come, what are its characteristics, and the expected value, variance, median value, maximum value and minimum value of variables.

Contains two levels of content:

5. 1 data source, data collection period and descriptive statistics.

5.2 Preliminary processing method of collected data.

6. Results

The model analysis results obtained by using the data analysis methods (namely, model establishment, model verification (model calculation), model inference (some results inferred during calculation), model evaluation and comparison). We should focus on describing the important results instead of describing all the results.

Step 7 discuss

Discussion is a horizontal or vertical comparison and discussion of the obtained results, including the comparison between one's own results and the comparison between one's own results and those of others; If the results are different, discuss and analyze the reasons for the differences. This difference analysis further strengthens the importance of this study. It can be further verified that the proposed viewpoint is supported in data.

Note the difference between 6 and 7: The results emphasize the clear statement of the research results, which is restricted by the framework of data analysis methods (model establishment, model verification, model inference and model evaluation). The discussion emphasizes the confusion of the results and puts forward the most valuable and meaningful results, which is a highly abstract product of the results of this study.

There are three realms of writing discussion: one is to get the same result as others (of little significance); The second is to get different results, but do not discuss the reasons for the differences (need sublimation); The third is to get different results and analyze the reasons for the differences (at a higher level).

8. Conclusion

The title can be called conclusion, but it actually contains four contents: 8. 1 conclusion.

8. 1. 1 research process: summary of the research process. It doesn't have to be written in a journal paper, but it must be written in a dissertation.

8. 1.2 conclusion of this study: the results of this study are not a restatement of the results and discussions, but a further abstraction and generalization of the results and discussions.

8.2 Meaning: The contribution and enlightenment to this research field reflected by the research conclusion, with more emphasis on enlightenment.

8.3 Limitation: the limitation of the obtained research results (research results). Limitation and scope are two different things, but they are both related and different. The difference is that scope is aimed at the research scope. In this research range, your research conclusion is valid, and you must not find fault in this range. Limitations should recognize the limitations caused by the finiteness of data and the incompleteness of methods, even within the scope. In short, the reasons for the restrictions include two aspects: first, the restrictions caused by the scope; On the other hand, it is the limitation caused by data and methods.

8.4 Future research

Based on two understandings (one is the understanding of implication, the other is the understanding of the conclusion of this paper), the following research topics are put forward.

9. Reference

Just one word: consistency, consistency of literature list and annotation. It should be consistent with the publication format requirements, and different periodical formats have different requirements. More importantly, the format of your paper should be consistent, including punctuation.

The writing of English papers has certain requirements for writing norms and writing formats, so students must have a certain understanding of the format norms of English papers in peacetime. When you study in the UK, you can consult some well-known domestic study abroad service websites, such as 5 1Due and the study abroad government. They are all very good study abroad service websites, and I hope they can help you.