1. The ancestors of well-founded guitars should be the "Hittite Guitar" that lived in the ancient Hittite city gate site in Asia Minor and northern Syria before 1400 BC. This is the oldest musical instrument discovered by archaeologists, similar to a modern guitar (the same body, bent inward). The 8-shaped curved body determines the unique sound and instrument characteristics of the guitar, which is also the most striking feature that distinguishes the guitar from other plucked instruments (for example, the body is a semi-pear-shaped root instrument).
2. The word guitar first appeared in Spanish, and it first appeared in Spain in13rd century. At this time, "Moore Guitar" and "Latin Guitar" appeared. Spanish guitar (Guitarra) is gradually evolved from Persian, in which Moore guitar has an oval body, a raised back, and a rough playing style with metal strings. Latin guitar body is an 8-shaped flat-bottomed structure similar to modern guitar, with narrow strings and elegant style. As shown in the figure:
Moore guitar Latin guitar
3. The first heyday in the history of guitar development was the Renaissance. The appearance of the peak of four-pair multi-string guitar indicates the first heyday of guitar.
(1) Renaissance is an ideological and cultural movement that rose in Europe from14th century to16th century, which brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the curtain of modern European history. It is considered as the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the modern times. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism.
(2) The Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian word Rinascimento, which means regeneration or revival), and then spread to western European countries, reaching its peak in the16th century. 1550, vasari officially took it as the name of the new culture in the biography of the celebrity of the Art Garden. This word is transliterated as Renaissance in French, and is widely used in European countries after17th century. 19th century, western historians further regarded it as the floorboard of western European culture from 14 to16th century. Western historians once thought that this was the revival of culture and art in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
3.16th century (1500-1600) Four-pair multi-string guitar and its close relative Bevela reached a high level in playing and composing. Guitar and viola are not only loved by European people, but also often become court instruments. At that time, the guitars and Bevera masters were Louis Milan, Louis de Weiss and alonso Mudala respectively, as well as five groups of baroque guitars, including Gaspar Sans, Cole Beta and Vichy17th century. Many of their works are still immortal wealth in the treasure house of modern classical guitar works. At that time, the notation used by guitars, violins and other musical instruments was not the staff now, but a graphic notation with horizontal lines representing each string and numbers or letters representing phonemes and fingering, similar to the staff used by folk guitars now. As shown in the figure:
Four-string composite guitar (Bivela)
The instrument that flourished at that time was the lute, which was considered to be the same family of guitars. The lute used to be Ude (UD Arabic (UD originally meant wood). At that time, the works of Tao Ran and Weiss, the famous lute masters, were adapted by later generations and also played an important role in today's classical guitar repertoire. The immortal works created by Bach, the master of baroque music, such as cello, violin suite and guitar arrangement of sonata, occupy an important position in classical guitar repertoire. Although some scholars question whether Bach has ever created radical works, his four lute suites and several radical works handed down from generation to generation have immortal value in the first capital. Other composers in the Baroque period, such as Vivaldi's lute, mandolin concerto, and guitar arrangement of D. scarlatti's clavichord sonata, all occupy an important position in classical guitar music.
4. The golden age in the history of guitar development appeared in the late18th century. The appearance of six-string guitar marks the arrival of the first golden age of guitar development. At that time, the Lute and Bevela gradually withdrew from the historical stage, and the five-pair multi-string guitar and the six-pair multi-string guitar that followed gradually completed their historical mission. 1800 or so, the brand-new six Dan Xian guitars, because of their clear harmony and convenient tuning, quickly gained the favor of almost all of Europe.
Five pairs of multi-string guitars and six pairs of multi-string guitars
Six Dan Xian guitars
The appearance of Sol, known as "Beethoven of guitar music", indicates that the six-string instrument has reached its peak. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the most famous classical guitarists active in Paris, Vienna and London were Sol, aguado, Giuliani, Carulli and carcassi. Among them, Sol and Giuliani are not only classical guitarists, but also excellent musicians. They created the first batch of large-scale tracks including concertos for the six-string classical guitar with outstanding talents, which laid the foundation for the future development of the six-string classical guitar. It is particularly worth mentioning that Saul inherited the classical music traditions of Haydn and Mozart in his creation. In addition to composing opera and ballet music, he also created a lot of excellent works for classical guitars, including systematic etudes and tutorials, and was called "Beethoven of guitar music" by music critics. The important works of Agudo, Kaluri and carcassi, as well as a large number of etudes and guitar lessons they have done, are still classics in classical guitars.
In the19th century, many musicians loved and played classical guitars, such as Schubert, Weber and Berlioz. The devil violinist Paganini is not only good at playing the guitar, but also gave up playing the violin and devoted himself to the guitar for three years, creating a lot of works for the guitar.
/kloc-The famous guitar sounds in the late 20th century include musicians Koster, Mertz, Kano, Regundi, etc. Many excellent works they created for guitar became the classics of19th century classical guitar music.
6./kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, due to the appearance of a number of famous piano and violin instruments, the guitar was gradually ignored and entered the first low tide in history. Under the great impact of the development of piano, orchestral music and opera music, guitar gradually lost its former glory after the middle of19th century, and its performance and creation were at a low ebb, which lasted until the end of19th century.
7. The success of Tarrega's Daiwada Dance symbolizes the revival of the development of classical guitar. /kloc-the vitality of the revival of classical guitar at the end of 0/9 was gained in Spain. Guitar can flourish and achieve unprecedented glory in the 20th century, which is largely attributed to Tarrega, the "father of modern guitar", who made in-depth research and innovation in guitar making, musical instrument playing, playing techniques and repertoire. Tarrega and his teacher Arcaz have been cooperating with guitarist Torres, and finally produced a modern classical guitar. The piano body is enlarged, the volume is increased, and the performance of the instrument is significantly improved. Tarrega graduated from Madrid Conservatory of Music, majoring in harmony and composition, and is an excellent pianist. Although he didn't perform much in public, he devoted his life to studying guitar, created a brand-new playing method, created a lot of mature and scientific etudes and immortal songs, and gave full play to the performance of guitar instruments. Among them, "Dance of Daheta" is widely circulated, which has made important contributions to the revival of classical guitars. In addition, he also chose to adapt many famous classical music songs suitable for guitar playing, thus expanding the playing range of classical guitar. Thanks to Tarrega's outstanding contribution and the unremitting efforts of his students and successors, such as Llobert and Puyol, the classical guitar was finally reborn at the turn of19th century and 20th century, which laid a solid foundation for the brilliance of classical guitar in the 20th century.
Torres classical guitar 20th century classical guitar.
8. The arrival of segovia era marks the brilliance of classical guitar.
The great vitality of the 20th century classical guitar is attributed to the great guitar master-segovia (&; 127; Andre seqovia1893-1987), with its nearly 70 years of achievements and exploration, has reached a climax step by step. With his extraordinary talent, firm belief and unremitting efforts, segovia finally got rid of the fate of being a folk instrument in hotels and cafes, which made the charm of classical guitar as a concert solo instrument recognized by the music industry and the world, and finally made the guitar overcome all kinds of prejudices and become an elegant instrument as popular as piano and violin.
Segovia's frequent performances around the world not only made the world know about classical guitars, but also made guitars popular all over the world, attracting many professional composers to create a large number of high-level music works for guitars. The most famous of these composers is Brazilian composer Villa Lobos, who composed five preludes and twelve advanced etudes for guitar, and Rodrigo, the author of the guitar concerto of Alain Juez's cultural landscape. Segovia also adapted a large number of famous music works for guitar, such as Bach's unaccompanied violin work "Seven Holes", which greatly enriched the repertoire of classical guitar, and finally made the repertoire of classical guitar reach the same level as other important instruments in the 20th century in quantity and quality.
At the beginning of last century, few conservatories offered guitar majors. Segovia not only actively engaged in teaching and trained a large number of young guitarists, but also actively appealed to major conservatories around the world to offer guitar majors and encouraged his students to engage in teaching. Up to now, the world-famous conservatory of music has not only opened the specialty of classical guitar, but also listed it as a key construction discipline. This is another great contribution of segovia to the classical guitar. Numerous outstanding guitarists who are active on the music stage all over the world are directly or indirectly influenced by segovia. Although the master has passed away, whenever we play classical guitar, learn classical guitar, watch classical guitar performance, listen to classical guitar music, or even just talk about classical guitar, we are actually walking on the broad road paved by the master with his lifelong achievements and immortal glory, although we will always realize this.
Agustin barrios mangore (1885- 1944) is particularly worth mentioning among other musicians who had a great influence on guitar music in the 20th century. Barrios, who is of Indian descent, calls himself "Paganini in the guitar", which is no exaggeration. Besides being an excellent guitarist and composer, he is also a philosopher, painter, religious scholar and poet. In addition to successfully touring around the world, he was the first guitarist to record a classical guitar. Barrios's outstanding artistic talent was not recognized by the world for most of the 20th century. In the late last century, a large number of colorful guitars with different styles created by Balios were gradually discovered and became one of the most important and favorite tracks in classical guitar music.