Step 2: Introduce what you have read.
Step 3: Write down your feelings.
Brief introduction of Dunhuang Mogao grottoes;
Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is the general name of Mogao Grottoes and West Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. It is one of the four largest grottoes in China and the largest and best-preserved Buddhist art treasure house in the world.
The Mogao Grottoes are located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, and are dug on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain. The length from north to south is about 1.600 meters, and it is arranged in five layers from top to bottom. The height is strewn at random, row upon row, shaped like a honeycomb pigeon house, spectacular and unusual. It is the largest and richest treasure house of classical culture and art in China, and also a world-famous Buddhist art center. 1987 12 is listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO.
In the second year of Fujian Jianyuan before Qin Dynasty (AD 366), a shaman believer came here, and when he saw the golden light on Mingsha Mountain and the Thousand Buddha Cave, he sprouted the heart of digging, and later became a Buddhist holy place, named Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Thousand Buddha Cave.
Although the Mogao Grottoes have been invaded by nature and destroyed by human beings in the long years, there are still 492 caves in the Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties, with more than 45,000 square meters of murals and more than 2,000 colored sculptures, making it the largest treasure house of Buddhist art in the world. If the murals are arranged, it can stretch for more than 30 kilometers, making it the longest, largest and richest gallery in the world. In recent decades, scholars at home and abroad have taken great interest in Dunhuang art and have been studying it continuously, forming a special discipline "Dunhuang Studies".
Mogao Grottoes is an art hall integrating ancient buildings, sculptures and murals, especially colorful murals. The capacity and content of Dunhuang murals are incomparable to any religious grottoes, temples and palaces in the world today. Looking around the cave and the ceiling, Buddha statues, flying clouds, geisha music, fairies and so on are painted everywhere. There are Buddhist story paintings, classic paintings, Buddhist historical paintings, miraculous paintings, portraits of patrons, and various exquisite decorative patterns. The sculptures in Mogao Grottoes have long enjoyed a good reputation. There are sitting statues as high as 33 meters, and there are also small bodhisattvas of more than ten centimeters. Statues are preserved in most caves, which is a large sculpture museum.
Mogao Grottoes is a great art palace and an encyclopedia of images. Mogao Grottoes 196 1 were listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. 1987 was listed as a world cultural heritage protection project by UNESCO, and was awarded the "World Cultural Heritage" certificate on 199 1.
Foreign tourists' evaluation of Mogao Grottoes is:
"Seeing the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang is equivalent to seeing the ancient civilizations all over the world."
"The Mogao Grottoes are the longest, largest and richest galleries in the world."
It is the greatest treasure house of existing Buddhist art in the world.
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes were built in 366 AD. During the Qing Dynasty 1500, more than 480 caves were built on the upper wall of the three-mile Mingsha Mountain, covered with colorful Buddha statues and murals with Buddhist stories. There are more than 2,000 colorful Buddha statues, the largest of which is 33 meters high. The murals are superb in skill and amazing in number. If one side is connected, it can be arranged as a gallery of more than 50 Li Long. In addition, a large number of ancient scrolls, documents, scrolls and so on with high value were found in a closed stone room.
It is about 25 kilometers from downtown to Mogao Grottoes, and it takes about 25 minutes by car. The Mogao grottoes valley is called a thousand Buddha caves, which does not mean that there are a thousand buddhas and a thousand caves. In Buddhism, there are many buddhas and caves. There are four grottoes in China, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, Gansu and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. The fame of Mogao Grottoes far exceeds that of other grottoes. The first reason is that Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes were dug earlier, with a history of 1643 years. Second, there are 492 large-scale and well-preserved caves, which are as dense as honeycombs and strewn at random, stretching for more than 1600 meters; Third, the sculptures and murals are exquisite. There are 2,499 colored sculptures and 45,000 square meters of murals. Some people say that Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is not only a large sculpture museum, but also a Buddhist art gallery.
According to the inscription in Mogao Grottoes, in 366 AD, a monk named Le Zun swam to the east foot of Mingsha Mountain. At this time, the sun is setting, and the sun is shining on three dangerous mountains opposite him. He looked up and saw the golden light shining on the top of the mountain, as if a thousand buddhas were flashing in the golden light, and as if the incense gods were dancing in the golden light. Le Zun, who devoted himself to practice, was moved by this wonderful scene of Buddha's light and shadow. He thinks this is the manifestation of Buddha's light. So Le Zun bowed his head and made up his mind to worship Buddha and practice here, so he invited craftsmen to dig the first hole on the cliff. Since then, Buddhist disciples, archduke nobles, merchants and people, good men and women have come here to donate money to open a hole. From the 4th century to14th century 1000 years of history, there was an endless stream of worshippers and incense.
Mogao grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu
On the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, a long plank road twists and turns to connect large and small grottoes. The walls of the grottoes are covered with murals and colored sculptures related to Buddhism, and solemn and dignified Buddha shadows are flying in the sky ... solemn and mysterious, which makes people hold their breath.
Here, it is the largest treasure house of Buddhist art in the world-Mogao Grottoes.
In the 2nd century BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, opening up the "Silk Road" for land transportation to Central Asia and West Asia. For thousands of years, the Bitian Huangsha Silk Road has connected cultural exchanges and friendly exchanges between China and the West. Dunhuang is located at the intersection of the north and south roads of the Silk Road. At that time, it used to be a bustling metropolis with prosperous trade and temples everywhere. Buddhism, which propagandizes ideas with artistic images, was introduced into China from India and merged with China traditional culture, leaving a large number of grotto cultural heritages along the way, among which Dunhuang Grottoes, with Mogao Grottoes as the main body, have the largest scale, the longest duration, the richest content and the best preservation.
1987 65438+In February, the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province were included in the World Heritage List.
Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu include Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Cave and Yulin Grottoes. Among them, the Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as the Thousand Buddha Cave, located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, are the representatives of Dunhuang Grottoes.
The Mogao Grottoes is located on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. It has five floors up and down and is about 1600 meters long from north to south. It was first excavated in 366 AD, and after sixteen countries and more than ten generations in Yuan Dynasty, a large cave group with rich contents was formed. There are 492 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals, more than 2,400 colored sculptures, more than 4,000 flying figures, 5 wooden buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties and thousands of lotus columns and tiles. It is a profound comprehensive art hall composed of architecture, painting and sculpture. It is the largest and best-preserved treasure house of Buddhist art in the world and is known as the "Pearl of Oriental Art". At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tibetan Sutra Cave (CaveNo. 17 of Mogao Grottoes) was discovered, which contained 50,000 to 60,000 scriptures, documents and cultural relics from the 4th to10th centuries. It has aroused great concern of scholars at home and abroad and formed the famous Dunhuang studies.
Among the Dunhuang grottoes, frescoes are the most abundant and rich in content, and sculpture painting is the most extensive theme, that is, all kinds of buddhas, bodhisattvas, kings and their statements are equal; Buddhist story painting is a cartoon adapted from various stories in Buddhist scriptures; Classic painting is a large-scale classic painting that rose in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which comprehensively expresses all the contents of a classic and promotes the imaginary paradise. Buddhist historical paintings show the theme of combining Buddhist legends and stories with Indian, Central Asian and China historical figures; The portrait of the benefactor, that is, the portrait of the hero who made the hole, is a portrait history.
In the murals of the Mogao Grottoes in different periods, there are pictures reflecting some scenes of production and labor, social life, clothing system, ancient architecture modeling, music, dance, acrobatics, etc., and they also record the historical facts of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, providing valuable information for the study of ancient China society from the 4th century to14th century.
The murals in Mogao Grottoes also have high artistic value, with the Tang Dynasty as the highest level. The most influential caves are 96 caves, 17 caves, 130 caves, 158 caves, 259 caves, 285 caves, 200 caves and 428 caves.
Western scholars call Dunhuang murals "the library on the wall".
The excavation of the Mogao Grottoes began in 366 AD. According to records, there was a monk with excellent virtue who went west with a stick and saw a thousand buddhas shining, and he had an epiphany, so he chiseled the first grotto. From the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of grottoes lasted for ten dynasties, 1500 years. So far, the grottoes in Lezun have long been indistinguishable, while the Mogao Grottoes have been eroded by wind and sand, and more than 750 caves in ten dynasties have been preserved, with 45,000 square meters of murals and 3,000 colored sculptures, and 5 wooden buildings on the eaves in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In addition, 40,000 to 50,000 handwritten documents and various cultural relics, including thousands of silk paintings, prints, embroidery and a large number of calligraphy works, have been found in the cave of Tibetan scriptures. If all the works of art are arranged one by one, it will be a world-class gallery over 25 kilometers long.
The colored sculptures in Mogao Grottoes are mostly Buddhist figures and their deeds of practicing nirvana. Because the rocks in Mogao Grottoes are loose and cannot be carved, craftsmen use clay sculptures. Clay sculptures before the Tang Dynasty are rarely preserved in other places, so a large number of colored sculptures in Mogao Grottoes are even more precious and rare.
In addition, there are traditional national myths and various decorative patterns. From the murals, we can see various social activities of all ethnic groups and classes, such as emperor trips, farming, fishing and hunting, smelting iron and making wine, weddings and funerals, business trips, emissaries meeting, playing the piano, singing and dancing, and so on.
As a treasure house of art, the Mogao Grottoes is a beautiful landscape, where artistic fashions of different eras gather. Dunhuang Tang art represents the worst era of Buddhist art in China. Foreign art and China national art complement each other, and Dunhuang Tang art is unprecedentedly gorgeous. A majestic giant Buddha more than ten meters high; A small bodhisattva with dexterity and exquisiteness of only ten centimeters; Great changes with grand scenes and dense characters; One figure painting with vivid image and distinct personality is impressive.
Tian Fei, known as The god of the sweet sound in Buddhism, is a beautiful bodhisattva, who can play music, is good at flying and exudes strange fragrance. Flying in the Tang Dynasty is more colorful and lifelike. She is neither like a winged Greek angel nor like an ancient Indian goddess walking on clouds. China artists use long streamers to make their elegant and light female bodies fly all over the sky. Flying is a gorgeous image of national art. When Dunhuang is mentioned, people will think of magical flying.
Some social life scenes depicted in Dunhuang murals at that time reflected the contents of production activities and social activities such as hunting, farming, textile, transportation, fighting, music and dance in ancient China. All kinds of figures in murals retain a lot of information about the costumes of people of all ethnic groups in the past. There are a large number of pavilions, pavilions, towers, palaces, cities, bridges and five existing wooden eaves in the murals, which are the image patterns and precious materials for studying ancient buildings in China. Sculpture and painting in China have a history of thousands of years. Many famous painters' works recorded in art history have been lost, and a large number of murals and colored sculptures in Dunhuang art have provided rich physical materials for the study of China art history.
The Mogao Grottoes were once abandoned in the Ming Dynasty, and it didn't attract people's attention until the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 17 15). In the 26th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1900), the Taoist King discovered the Tibetan Sutra Cave, which contained more than 40,000 scriptures, documents and cultural relics. Since then, the Mogao Grottoes have become more noticeable. 1907 and 19 14 years, Stan in Britain took away more than 10,000 suicide notes and cultural relics twice. 1908, the Frenchman Pelliot selected the best documents from the Tibetan Sutra Cave and took away about 5,000 pieces. 19 10 Most of the looted scriptures in the Tibetan Scripture Cave were transported to Beijing and handed over to Shi Jing Library for collection. 19 1 1 year, Japanese Zuichuan Lihua and Yoshikawa Koichiro took about 600 scrolls from the Taoist king. 19 14 Russian oldenburg took another batch of scriptures from Dunhuang, surveyed the grottoes, and stole the murals of Cave 263. 1924, Warner of America uncovered and stole 26 murals of Mogao Grottoes with a special chemical glue. These thefts and damages have caused great losses to Dunhuang cultural relics.
Since the 1940s, China has established the academic research and protection institutions of the Mogao Grottoes. In the 1960s, the grottoes were fully reinforced; Since 1980s, the Mogao Grottoes have entered a period of modern scientific protection.
For you:
I believe I can write the best article, come on!
I can only give you so much. I hope it helps you. Seize the inspiration and start writing. Come on!