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During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the main feature of ethnic migration was that there were many motives.
As early as the beginning of civilization, there were many nationalities in China. In the long historical years, ethnic migration has been continuous, and its most basic motivation is economy. Before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains were the only focus of China's economic, political and cultural development. For a long time, the better natural living environment and advanced economic development level have continuously attracted the surrounding ethnic groups to migrate to the Central Plains. The establishment and development of a unified feudal centralized state in Qin and Han dynasties further promoted this migration. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords in the Central Plains scuffled and separatist forces rose, but the internal migration of the surrounding ethnic groups did not stop. For example, during the Jian 'an period, the southern Xiongnu moved from Bingzhou to Jinzhong and Jinnan areas centered on Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi). From Taishi to Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (265-289), the Xiongnu outside the Great Wall also migrated to Senegal many times, living in Yiyang and Yongzhou in Hexi, with a total population of more than 200,000. At this time, Xianbei people also migrated from northeast to southwest, and gradually distributed in Liaodong in the east, Qinghai Great Wall in the west and northern counties. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the post-Zhao regime was established by a Hu who lived in Shan Ye in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. At this time, the barbarians in the south gradually moved northward, so that "the south of yique is full of valleys." After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, many barbarian leaders led troops to the north.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars continued year after year, especially after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. Apart from the Han nationality, many ethnic minorities have established political power in the north. In order to expand territory, plunder wealth and plunder labor, wars between regimes frequently occur, and these wars have become another motivation for the migration of ethnic minorities. In the war, thousands of people became prisoners and were taken back to the areas under their control by the victorious countries. For example, in the later period of Liu Songjia in the Southern Dynasties, Shen Qingzhi conquered barbarians and captured more than 200,000 people, most of whom moved to Jiankang as a camp. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Tao attacked it in a soft voice, saying, "The livestock and chariots obtained are all over the mountain, covering a million." . In addition, a large number of people were forced to surrender by military forces. For example, in the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), Cao Cao personally advanced on Wuhuan, "Tower Shield and famous soldiers beheaded, and Hu Han dropped more than 200,000 soldiers", "More than 10,000 people dropped, and I learned that I lived in China". In frequent wars, in order to weaken the enemy's strength, ensure and expand their own sources of soldiers and increase the number of workers, various regimes and power groups often seize the opportunity to plunder a large number of people. If it was built for many years, the three counties of Wuhuan once "inherited the chaos in the world and broke the secluded state, with slightly more than 100,000 China people." In the third year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (328), the former Zhao Liuyao sent troops to attack the border people, saying, "Fokker, plundered more than 3,000 households and returned them." As for the forced migration of this nationality and other nationalities for political and military needs, it often happens in large numbers. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei forcibly moved the population to Tianshui, Fufeng, Jingzhao, Nan 'an, Guangwei and other counties many times, each time the population ranged from several thousand to tens of thousands, from 1 1. After Zhao moved to the history and Qiang Dynasty, 654.38+500,000 yuan fell into the hands of Si and Ji. After Tuoba GUI moved his capital to Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty, he "moved to six states in Shandong, and more than 400,000 people from Tuhe, Koryo and 36 departments filled the capital". At the same time, the rulers of various regimes also "lured" to attract frontier ethnic groups to move into the mainland. For example, Cao Cao once "greeted" Hu Di and "made him a shogunate general" through the Bing Shi Liang. Hao You has done his best, but he was sent to Ding Qiang for the second time, thinking that he was righteous; Because the army has gone out again, please consider it brave. After the officers and soldiers went, they moved their homes a little, exerting their strength back and forth, with tens of thousands of mouths. "Escape from war, famine and slavery is the third motive of ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, more and more Han people in the Central Plains have moved to Liaodong to avoid the disaster of war. After the Yongjia Rebellion, "refugees have merged with the sun and the moon", and the population flowing into Liaodong is equal to "more than ten times the old place". During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the social order in Hexi region was relatively stable under the rule of Zhang and his son, and "Zhongzhou asylum seekers came in droves". After the founding of New China, Han bamboo slips unearthed in Xinjiang also confirmed that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were Han immigrants all over the western regions. However, during this period, the largest number of Han immigrants in the Central Plains was in the south. During the Jian 'an period, "the fertile land in Guanzhong was destroyed and tens of thousands of people flowed into Yizhou". After the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Yellow River basin moved southward on a large scale, which was called "Luo Jing fell, and the women in Zhongzhou fled to the left of the river". During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, there were also a large number of northern Han people crossing south. At this time, some Han people moved into areas inhabited by barbarians, slang, Liao and Yi ethnic minorities. For example, during the Liu and Song Dynasties, many Han people in Shixing County fled to the slang area because of "stopping slang and going easily" to avoid heavy taxes. According to "The Biography of Yi Man in Song Dynasty", "Those who submit to foreigners lose a few grains, and the rest are not miscellaneous. However, the hard labor of the Song people, the poor are no longer worthy of life, and more people have fled into the barbarians. "
It is precisely because the ethnic migration in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was promoted by many motives that the ethnic migration in this period showed the characteristics of many ethnic groups, wide migration scope, large population migration and multi-directional migration.
Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, ethnic migration in China was mostly small-scale, and most of the migrated ethnic groups lived in the border areas of the Central Plains regime. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, from the north of the desert to the shore of Lake Baikal, to Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Island in the south, to Changbai Mountain and Songhua River Basin in the east, and to the vast area of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang in the west, an unprecedented number of ethnic migrations were involved. Among them, there are Han nationality (Huaxia nationality), Qiang nationality, clan, Xiongnu nationality, Yue nationality and other ancient nationalities with a long history, as well as younger nationalities such as Wuhuan, Xianbei and Li, as well as Rouran, Chile, Tuguhun, Cuan and other nationalities that only appeared in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Some of these ethnic groups have a large migration range and are widely distributed. For example, the Han nationality migrated from the Yellow River basin to the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River basin and even the Pearl River basin. Xianbei people migrated from Hulunchi in the northeast and western Liaoning to Yinshan and Hetao, the hometown of Xiongnu, and the hinterland of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Central Plains and Hexi Corridor. Many barbarians gradually moved northward from Hunan and Hubei, and even entered central Henan. Some ethnic groups migrate in smaller areas. For example, Yueshan basically moved out of the southern mountainous area of Jiangnan. Xiongnu migrated from the Great Wall to Senegal and the border counties in the Yellow River valley. The migration scope of Rouran and Chile is generally Mobei and Monan.
Due to many factors in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, many ethnic groups migrated in an unprecedented area, and the population of ethnic groups migrated in this period was unprecedented. At this time, the total number of immigrants of all ethnic groups in this area is difficult to grasp due to lack of data, but judging from some figures recorded in historical materials, this figure should be quite large. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, there were 30,000 households and 7 households in South Xiongnu, that is, more than 200,000 households. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were more than 200,000 Huns attached to the Great Wall. Only the two of them, the Huns' inward migration population is about 500,000. At this time, there were more than 20,000 Wuhuan people attached to Cao Cao, with a population of 10, or more than 200,000 people. In addition, about 654.38 million people were captured, and more than 300,000 Wuhuan people were moved to the mainland. Therefore, some people think that the number of Xiongnu, Jiejie, Biandi, Qiang, Xianbei and Wuhuan who moved in is far more than two million. In the 18th year of Jian 'an (2 13), there were more than 654.38 million households in Lujiang, Jiujiang, Qichun, Guangling and other places, all of which crossed the river to the east, and Jiangxi was all white, only Wancheng was in the south of Hefei. According to the calculation of 5 people in each household, the population moving south only this time is nearly 600 thousand. From the end of Western Jin Dynasty to Liu Song Dynasty, more than 900,000 northern Han people moved south to the south of the Yangtze River. It is estimated that the total population of Han people moving south will not be lower than that of ethnic minorities moving north. In addition, there are many barbarians moving northward in the south. There are only16,70000 households recorded in Shu Wei Manchu Biography, and there are more than 800,000 households based on 5 households.
In the history of our country, except the Yue, Wusun, Xiongnu and other nationalities in the Han Dynasty migrated westward, the migration direction of nationalities in various periods before Wei and Jin Dynasties was mainly from the periphery to the inside. Although the Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) in the Yellow River basin and the Central Plains also migrated outward due to war plunder, looting and trafficking, and stationing wasteland to defend the border, the number of them was quite small compared with those who migrated inward. Ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was different from the past. Not only millions of neighboring nationalities migrated to the Central Plains, but also millions of Han people from the Central Plains migrated to the Yellow River Basin, Jiangnan, South China, Liaodong, Hexi, Longyou, Shu and other areas outside the Central Plains. A considerable number of ethnic groups have migrated to other directions for some specific reasons. For example, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, regimes established by Han, Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Lushui Lake, Shi and Qiang nationalities appeared in the north successively, and all regimes plundered and forcibly relocated migrants on a large scale, and concentrated in metropolises or major towns. However, due to frequent regime changes, the ruling center is constantly shifting, and the forced population is also migrating. For example, after the Xiongnu Liu Han regime captured Chiyang (now northwest of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province), it plundered more than 10,000 people to Chang 'an, and Jin Jun besieged Chang 'an, "plundering more than 80,000 men and women and returning to Pingyang (Liu Han's capital, now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province)". Later Schleswig attacked Pingyang. "Pingyang Zhouding has a mixed household rate of 6,000, and Ba Shuai and Qiang and Jie have dropped by more than 100,000." Schleswig moved them to the county he controlled. After the establishment of the post-Zhao Dynasty, Schleswig made its capital in Guo Xiang (now southwest of Xingtai, Hebei Province), and moved more than 30,000 households of Wuhuan Zhanguang and other tribes to Guo Xiang. Shi Jilong moved more than 65,438+10,000 households of Yong and Qin Huarong to the east of Tongguan, and moved more than 30,000 households of Qin Zhou to counties of Qing and Yan States. By the time the post-Zhao regime collapsed, "millions of immigrants from Qing, Yong, Quiet, Jingzhou, Qiang, Hu and Man all returned to their hometowns", and the migration of ethnic populations can be imagined. Therefore, from the migration direction, the ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties mainly moved from the border to the mainland; The Han nationality in the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains mainly migrated from north to south. At the same time, there are many nationalities, including Han nationality, and a large number of people migrate from north to south and from west to east, thus showing the remarkable characteristics of multi-directional population migration.
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Ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the product of ethnic relations in feudal society at that time, which was related to ethnic oppression and discrimination. Many of these ethnic groups were forced to migrate and forced by other ethnic groups, accompanied by war, plunder and conquest. Therefore, there are inevitably some negative factors in ethnic migration at this time, but from the historical development process, its positive historical role and influence are the main ones.
The ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties changed the original distribution pattern of ethnic population in China, and promoted and accelerated the integration and exchange among ethnic groups. Prior to this, the ethnic population distribution in China was basically a mixed pattern, that is, the Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) was concentrated in the Central Plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, while other ethnic minorities were concentrated in the surrounding areas. The long-term stability of ethnic groups living in a specific area has led to ethnic and local characteristics in social organization, economic life, customs, language and culture. This long-term and stable state of common life protects the one-sidedness and limitations of ethnic groups. After the ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han nationality gradually distributed in the Yellow River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, Songliao Plain and Hexi area, with a wider distribution range. After internal migration, ethnic minorities still live together except for some of them merging with the Han nationality, but the distribution areas are very scattered, and the various ethnic groups often form a staggered state. Often, several different ethnic minorities live in the same area, and the same ethnic minority lives in several different areas, and a considerable number of Han people live in these areas, thus breaking the national border and breaking the state of ethnic isolation, and making the distribution pattern of ethnic population in China begin to change from the original ethnic minorities to small ethnic minorities. By living together in * * *, the economic and cultural ties between ethnic groups are closer, interdependent and attractive, and they converge in the long river of history, forming a strong cohesive trend. This cohesion will eventually combine into such a pluralistic whole as the Chinese nation. It is the unprecedented national migration that made the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties an important stage in the formation and development of the Chinese nation's "you come and I go, I come and you go, I have you, you have me, and each has its own personality".
The ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties changed the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains from nomadic production to agriculture-based economy, thus promoting social progress. Before the Huns, Wuhuan, Xianbei and Tuoba Xianbei entered the Central Plains, the social structure was dominated by tribal organizations and the social economy was dominated by nomadism. After entering the Central Plains, they settled in a nomadic way under the influence of the economy and culture of the Han nationality, mostly engaged in farming. When Wei made Longyou in Guo Huai Town, he asked the Qiang people to "build a valley at home and flatten it"; Yanmen satrap took the lead and paid the rent of more than 500 families at a time. Let these ethnic minorities pay rent and naturally enter the farming stage. In the Sixteenth Country, Ren Jieren Xerox was in Wuxiang, his hometown. Because of retting hemp, he competed with his neighbor Li Yang for hemp pool. Often fight with each other. In order to repay Guo Jing and Ningqu's financial aid, they also "plow the fields for it", which shows that the Jie people have combined agriculture with handicraft production. The rulers of minority political power also promoted this change through the power of political power. For example, in the pre-Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian urged farmers to teach mulberry and cultivate their native land by themselves, while his wife Gou "loved silkworms in the suburbs" to show their attention to agriculture and handicraft production. After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba GUI ordered the rest farmers to stop farming, let Dongping Gongyi reclaim land from Wuyuan to Chengyang, and set up eight coaches to persuade farmers to farm in Daijing. After Tuoba defeated Qin Yue Mud Department, it moved more than 20,000 people to Daning House, gave them farm tools and dictated fields, which made other ethnic minorities in China quickly turn to agricultural production. After Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei moved to Luoyang, Tuoba became a nation dominated by agricultural economy, so in the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), a letter was issued that "all households who moved from generation to generation were given three-year rent". After the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains turned into agricultural economy, the social structure changed greatly, and feudal relations have dominated. With the change of the economic base, the political organizations as the superstructure are also adjusted. Most minority regimes adopt the official system of Wei and Jin dynasties, which promotes the leap of social forms of all ethnic groups, thus promoting the development of northern society.
The ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties brought fresh blood to the Han nationality, which made the Han nationality grow stronger and stronger. Moreover, it has enabled the Han nationality to absorb the cultural essence of other nationalities and greatly enriched its own material culture and spiritual culture. During this period, the Huns, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang, Lushuihu and other nationalities who migrated to the Central Plains established more than a dozen political powers. Although these ethnic groups flourished and declined for a while, they did not move back to their original places, but gradually merged with the Han nationality after living together. After the demise of Zhao, the Xiongnu and Jiezu merged with the Han nationality in large numbers. After the demise of Zhu Yan, the Murong Department of Xianbei also merged with the Han nationality and Tuoba Xianbei in the form of diaspora. Before the demise of the Qin Dynasty, the identity of the Di nationality, which was quite close to the development level of the Han nationality, was greatly weakened, and the Qiang people, Lushuihu, Hexi Xianbei and Guanlong Xiongnu, who subsequently established political power, were also in the process of disintegration. From the late Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, most of the northern nationalities who moved in early disappeared in the Central Plains and merged with the Han nationality. Some of them moved south softly, while Chile and Tuguhun moved west. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, barbarians in the south gradually migrated from valleys to rivers, Huaihe River, Ruhe River and Yinghe River, while mountains, rivers, Lihe River and Liaohe River moved outward to the flat land. In the process of living with the Han nationality, the social development level of these ethnic groups gradually approaches that of the Han nationality, and the differences in economy, culture and living customs gradually disappear. As "Geography of Sui Shu" said, Jingyang Prefecture "is very different if it is mixed with Xia people". We can see from historical records that there were 2.45 million households in Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, 5 million households in Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty and 3.59 million households in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. By the fifth year of the Sui Dynasty, the number of households had reached 8.9 million. This is closely related to the integration of a large number of ethnic minorities into the Han nationality, in addition to the expansion of jurisdiction, the inclusion of household registration and natural growth. This ethnic integration, which started with ethnic migration, not only injected a lot of fresh blood into the Han nationality, making it more energetic and creative, but also enriched its material culture and spiritual culture. One of its manifestations is the variety and technology of animal husbandry production of ethnic minorities, and even some agricultural products are introduced into the Central Plains. Jia Sixie, an outstanding agronomist in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, recorded the feeding and management methods of cattle, horses, mules, sheep and other livestock, as well as veterinary techniques, horse riding and processing techniques of livestock products, such as felting, cheese making and crisp making, many of which came from ethnic minorities. Hu Gu and Lumai were also introduced into agriculture. The second performance is that the Han nationality has absorbed the essence of ethnic minorities in language, literature and art, and the popularity of Hu dance and Hu opera has added fresh colors to the Central Plains culture dominated by the Han nationality.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the great ethnic migration made China's economic region expand. At the same time, the northern economy revived and the southern economy developed significantly. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved to the border areas such as Liaodong and Hexi in order to avoid the disaster of war, which greatly increased the local labor force and even moved more than ten times as many people as in their old places. Han laborers who moved to the frontier also spread advanced production tools and farming techniques to the frontier. Thanks to their joint efforts with the people of all ethnic groups, the remote areas in the northeast and northwest have developed and played an important role in the economic development and social changes in the border areas. Frequent wars have seriously damaged the economy in the north. Although Schleswig explicitly used coins in sixteen countries, "money will never work." After the transition from ethnic minorities to agricultural production, the northern economy began to rise. In order to adapt to the new trend of economic development, by the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen began to coin coins, which made the commodity economy active and restored the vitality of the ancient economic base of the Central Plains. During this period, a large number of Han population moved south, which increased a large number of labor force and brought more advanced production technology to Jiangnan area, which will undoubtedly accelerate the development of Jiangnan. At the same time, the society in the south of the Yangtze River is relatively stable, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Liu Song Dynasty and other dynasties also adopted some measures conducive to the development of production. Therefore, it is possible for the Han people who moved south to make use of the unique natural resources to jointly promote the social, economic and cultural development of the south together with the indigenous people in the south of the Yangtze River and ethnic minorities such as Manchu, Li and Zhou. Not only agricultural production has improved, but also handicrafts such as textile industry, mining and metallurgy industry, paper industry, shipbuilding industry, salt industry, porcelain making industry, tea making industry and lacquerware industry have developed significantly. Commercial trade is also very active. In particular, Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, and the southeast coastal areas have become national cultural centers and developed areas. With the development of the southern economy, the Chinese culture in the Central Plains was combined with the original culture in the south, and gradually formed the "Six Dynasties Culture" with the characteristics of the times. All these laid a solid material and cultural foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.