The explanation of lùn

①& lt； ; move >:； Discussion; speak Model: "Every time I talk to the minister about this matter, I will sigh and hate Huan Ling."

②& lt； ; move >:； Assessment of rewards and punishments; Judge. Teacher's model: "It is appropriate to pay the punishment to the company."

③& lt； ; move >:； Go ahead. "Peach Blossom Garden": "I don't know that there are Han people, but there is no Wei and Jin Dynasties."

④& lt； ; move >:； Debate. Historical records? Wei Wu Qi An Hou Chuan: "Today's court ~"

⑤& lt； ; move >:； Research; Discuss. "Five Moths": "Everything in the world is ready."

⑥& lt； ; Name >; Speech; Advocate; Theory. "Sweet Potato Xu Shu": "I don't care, I am pedantic ~"

⑦& lt； ; Name >; One of the styles is argumentative. Preface to Selected Works: "The analysis is exquisite, and the inscription is clear in the preface."

discuss

Explain y

①& lt； ; move >:； Deliberate; Discuss it. Biography of Qu Yuan: "When in Rome, do as the Romans do, discuss state affairs with you and give orders."

②& lt； ; Name >; Viewpoint; Advocate. Battle of Red Cliffs: "I am very disappointed that people stick to it."

Comment on good and bad, right and wrong.

2. How to say classical Chinese In the ancient dialogues and chats in China, or in ancient Chinese, the meaning of chatting was expressed by talking or talking. It is meaningless to talk about words, let alone words from heaven.

People in ancient China often spoke gossip, loudly and so on. Modern people also like to use modern words such as meeting and interview, but the words "meeting, gathering" and "meeting" do not express the meaning of conversation, but only the meaning of meeting and gathering. Unintentional words. It can be said that modern Chinese has been too far away from Chinese characters, and gradually it is not a writing system.

In ancient times, people often used words to express their conversation. It has the following meanings:

1, say; discuss

2. Another example: night talk (night talk); Heart to heart (heart to heart); Talk at home; Talking about the rain (friends get together to talk about old things)

3. Tell me. For example, message; Spoken language (dialect. Tone; Tone)

4. It is used to assume the end of some sentences in complex sentences. In that case, I won't attend.

5, equivalent to the meaning of the chapter, such as the style of the book "Head China" is divided into twenty words.

Extended data:

In China's ancient poems, the meaning of conversation is often expressed in many ways.

For example, Meng Haoran's "Let's open your window all over the garden and talk about Sang Ma with a cup in hand" in the Tang Dynasty means opening the window to the nursery and drinking to talk about the growth of Sang Ma. "Talking to Sang Ma" here means chatting.

Another example is "when * * * cuts the candle at the west window, but talks about the rain at night." The word "chat" here means chat.

Sogou encyclopedia-words

3. The translation of classical Chinese (Thai is erudite and talkative) is not so erudite and talkative. No one knew him when he arrived in Luoyang. Seeing that he is a talented person, Chen introduced him to Yin. Mars called him knowledgeable, elegant and honest, which is rare in China today. Later, he became famous in Luoyang, became familiar with people, was good at training people, and traveled all over the county. When eating at Mao Rong's house, Mao Rong first killed the chicken for his mother and then put it in the pavilion at the door for passers-by. Take him as your friend, and recommend him to become a great virtue. He recommended countless great scholars, including, Julu, Chen Guoer's children, Chen Liuyuan and so on. Lovers are very accurate. When he saw the celebrities at that time helping Yin He, he convinced countless people that it would be ruined behind him. Later, with the consent of his wife, Huang abolished the system at that time.

At that time, Dade Fan Pang praised him for "not violating his relatives, being good in chastity, not being a vassal, not being a friend of a vassal, and I don't know anything else."

4. What are the famous sayings about friendship in the classical Chinese about what is a friend? They are a kind of quiet and peaceful love, guided by reason, formed by habit, produced with * * *, without jealousy and fear.

-Homer-Mai Friendship is always a sweet and soft responsibility, never an opportunity. Ji Bolun's true friendship is like wildfire. In the darkest moment around you, it is the brightest.

True friendship is a slow-growing plant. Washington Goodwill brings happiness, and civilization brings harmony.

-Hugo A close friend is different from one heart. -Aristotle The best thing in the world is to have a few solemn friends with integrity in mind and heart.

-Einstein and the person you laughed with, you may forget him; But you will never forget the people you cried with. -Ji Bolun People who have no friends or enemies are ordinary people.

-Rafat treats everyone equally, confides in a few people, and will not lose anything to anyone. -Shakespeare In all kinds of loneliness, people are most afraid of spiritual loneliness.

-Balzac may perish alone, but two people together may be saved. -Balzac's best kindness to friends is often not money or all material support, but those kind attitudes, cheerful conversations, sympathy and pure praise.

Franklin, American statesman and scientist: Friendship is a soothing agent for our sadness, a soothing agent for our stress, a refuge for our disasters, a hesitant negotiator, a refreshing agent for our brains, an outlet for our thoughts, and an exercise and improvement for our meditation. -Jeremy Tyler, American statesman Friendship, a noble and beautiful friendship based on mutual respect and deep sympathy, never maliciously envies the achievements of others, and cultivates the consciousness that collective interests are above all else.

Ostrovsky, a writer of the former Soviet Union, will be lonely if he doesn't pay attention to making new friends in his life. Sir, one should constantly enrich his friendship with others.

-Seth Johnson, British writer. Sincere and rational friendship is priceless in life. Whether you can be faithful to your friend and always be a person worthy of him is the best test of your soul, personality, psychology and even morality.

-Marx, German thinker and philosopher, the longest friendship can give people joy. What's more, there is such a wise saying: "Only those who have experienced many hardships together can their friendship be called unbreakable."

Cicero, an ancient Roman orator and politician's best friend, is the kind of person who doesn't like to talk much, but can be silently opposite and closely connected with you. -Gorky Your enemies and friends can join hands to break your heart.

The enemy slanders you, and friends quickly pass it on to you. -Mark Twain True friendship can not only tolerate the advice given by friends, but also make yourself accept it.

Cicero friendship is the wine of life. -Young's "It takes only a little effort to make friends in the prosperous times"; It is more difficult to find friendship in trouble than to ascend to heaven.

In addition to the concept of selflessness, mutual respect seems to be another key point of friendship. Mo Luoa If my friend was blind, I would look at him from the side.

-Joubert Many people who look like friends are not friends, but many people who are friends don't look like friends. -Democritus is not too far from the moon; The longest distance we have to walk is still between us.

-Charles de Gaulle Friendship is a school for cultivating people's feelings. -Suhomlinski If friendship can adjust people's feelings, then another function of friendship is to enhance people's wisdom.

-Bacon For a wise man, advice is superfluous; Advice is not enough for a fool. Moliere's friendship is as pure as the morning fog. Flattery can't get friendship, but friendship can only be consolidated by loyalty.

-Marx The way we make friends should be to give others benefits, not to take them. This friendship is the most reliable.

Thucydides Even the most sacred friendship may contain secrets, but you shouldn't misunderstand a friend because you can't guess his secrets. -Beethoven's so-called friendship is a transaction between equal people without interests.

-Coles The beneficiary must always keep that kindness in mind, but the benefactor must never keep it in mind. Cicero Friendship is a means of virtue, and it is a virtue in itself, a virtue of * * *.

-Feuerbach We should not defile our friendship by maintaining it at any cost. If friendship must be sacrificed for the greater love, there is no way; But if we can keep it up, then we can really achieve a perfect state.

Tagore If friendship is destroyed, even love cannot be redeemed. -"Five Books" Friends have sincere feelings, and the enemy will have no chance.

Sadie Smart people should try their best to build friendship, not to form hatred. -"Five Books" Friendship is always a sweet and soft responsibility, never an opportunity.

Ji Bolun people are true friends only if they treat each other sincerely. Anyone who plans a friend is deceiving himself.

-Haji Abubakar Iman Friendship is often formed by a kind of * * * and interests that two people can achieve more easily than one person. This relationship is pure only when they are satisfied with each other. Strindberg's songs of friendship, liveliness and youth will ease our pain.

-Vaclav Friendship is the wisest mother of generosity and honor, gratitude and the Sisters Of Mercy, and the sworn enemy of hatred and greed; It is always ready to sacrifice itself for others, and it is completely voluntary and does not need others to beg. Boccaccio's best way to keep friendship is to leave him nothing and not lend him money.

-Paul can't talk about youth without friendship, because friendship is the most beautiful flower that adorns youth. -Daisaku Ikeda Compromise is not a solid foundation for any friendship.

Tagore's husband must never accidentally take away his friends. Friends, so there are also.

-Xun Kuang A scholar will make friends with him if he has a jealous friend, but if a gentleman gets in his way, he is not a good minister. -Xun Kuang two people are United, and their profits are broken; Concentric words are as fragrant as blue.

-"hey.

5. Understanding of Classical Chinese 1. Analysis on the necessity of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

The new Chinese curriculum standard emphasizes: "Reading simple classical Chinese can help you understand the basic content with notes and reference books." It can be said that the new Chinese curriculum standard reduces the requirements for learning classical Chinese, and the items of the classical Chinese examination in the senior high school entrance examination are limited to textbooks. Theoretically, there should be a fairly ideal result, but the result is quite unexpected. The author investigated more than 50 Chinese teachers in middle schools, and found that in the process of classical Chinese teaching, most teachers pay great attention to sentence translation, memory and targeted exercises, and the teaching process is rigorous.

However, in the process of learning classical Chinese, most students think that the process of learning classical Chinese in this way is boring and inefficient, just like learning another foreign language. They even think that teaching classical Chinese well is teachers' wishful thinking, and students can only "roll with the punches". The reasons for the low learning efficiency of classical Chinese are: 1. Students leave the situation of understanding classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese is really not like modern Chinese, which makes students read fluently and understand the meaning. It is difficult for students to accept the complexity of translation, to understand the expression of stubborn teeth in classical Chinese and to understand the true and rich expression of ancient people's feelings.

For example, in Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, Zou Ji asks his wife, concubine and guests the same question: "Who am I, Xu Hongmei in the north of the city?" The wife said, "Your Majesty is very beautiful. How can Xu Can Palace compare with you?" The princess said, how can I compare with you? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not equal to your beauty." They replied with one voice, with the same meaning but different sentence patterns, and slightly changed words, but expressed different tones and different psychology of different characters.

When students understand the above content, they often start with words and sentence patterns, and then rush to answer the teacher's question "Why is the tone different?" Instead of experiencing it in a specific story situation. This understanding of classical Chinese is superficial, dull, vivid and not profound, and the mastery is hasty, hasty, unstable and firm.

2. Students leave the situation of using classical Chinese. Zhao Pu's Half Analects of Confucius Governing the World illustrates the importance of applying what you have learned.

However, in daily life, students' communication is not deliberately expressed in classical Chinese, and they think it is a rather pedantic performance. Kong Yiji's "Too much is too little, too much" is a proof. In the teaching class, our teachers may also ignore the particularity of the flexible use of classic sentences in different situations.

For example, teachers often describe it as a high-profile performance of the United States singing bad human rights at the United Nations, which is interpreted as ulterior motives. But at this time, "The Drunken Pavilion" should not be understood in this way.

In fact, the use of classical Chinese also requires students to have a certain cultural taste. Due to the limitation of students' cultural quality, students have a special liking for the emerging and simple network language, but ignore the use of classical Chinese.

3. Students leave the classical Chinese humanistic situation. Classical Chinese is rich in poetry and painting, exudes unique cultural charm and embodies profound national feelings.

However, students seem unable to understand the subtleties of classical Chinese. For example, in the article Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, students understand the important knowledge of "sense of worry" and "success in adversity". However, when asked about the modern significance of their sense of hardship and how to make themselves talents, students are at a loss.

The key lies in the lack of humanistic situation. The creation of humanistic situation in classical Chinese requires students to pay attention to contemporary social and cultural life, pay attention to the cultivation of their own quality, and strive to be well cultivated in the study of classical Chinese, improve their life quality and cultivate healthy personality.

For example, the creation of the humanistic situation of "anxiety consciousness" makes students worry about the war in peacetime, the environment of developing society, and the incurable diseases in a better life ... Let students learn from the broad mind of the ancients, shoulder the responsibility of inheriting excellent civilization, and establish a correct outlook on life and values. It can be seen that it is very necessary to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

2. Strategic thinking on creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese. Since learning classical Chinese requires a good situation and it is so important to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese, we should think strategically.

1, intonation, irony and intonation is to ask students to read aloud, read correctly and fluently, visualize the language in cadence, beautify and deepen their emotions. Let the students immerse themselves in it, understand the taste of the article and gain something.

"Old books are never tired of reading, and children know themselves when they are familiar with them." "They are familiar with 300 Tang poems, and they can sing even if they can't write poems." This is a subtle presentation of chanting. For example, the repeated reading of "sending 900 people to guard Yuyang and stay in osawa Township" in Chen She Family is different from "sending 900 people to stay in osawa Township", which deeply understands the history of Qin Xing's corvee and people's garrison.

After Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi as a "capable minister", Qi Weiwang said "goodness". Concise and just right, it reflects Qi Weiwang's affirmation of Zou Ji and shows that he is an enterprising and enlightened monarch.

Therefore, when reading the word "goodness", we should read the majesty and wisdom in short notes and the heroic mind in high notes. Such a generation of wise men can be said to have both form and spirit to force Xiao. 2, taste perception, rebuilding the body's teaching of classical Chinese, Mr. Ye Shengtao believes: "When reciting, we should not only rationally understand what we have learned, but also sincerely experience it. Unconsciously, the content and truth become the readers' own things, which is the most precious realm. "

A good example is Tao Yuanming's reading, "appreciating anecdotes and analyzing doubts" and "the governor forgets to eat". When we recite Fan Zhongyan's great political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" in Yueyang Tower, we should realize the practical significance of "enjoying the world first and enjoying the world later".

When we sing the sacredness of "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" in "I want fish", we should feel the will of people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives for the country and go to disaster generously throughout the ages. Through the feeling of taste, let students have a cordial experience and make classical Chinese learning interesting; Students' unique aesthetic taste also makes the connotation of classical Chinese shine.

At the same time, students also internalized the excellent cultural essence, achieved perfection, and improved their cultural literacy to varying degrees. 3. Accumulate knowledge and apply it to Ouyang Xiu's poem: "Learning is accumulated in the heart, and it is better to use wood.