He described gravity and three laws of motion in the paper "Laws of Nature" published by 1687. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering.
By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; It provides strong theoretical support for the sun-centered theory and promotes the scientific revolution.
In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum and put forward Newton's law of motion. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into the visible spectrum, he developed the color theory. He also systematically expressed the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem and put forward Newton's method to approximate the zero point of function, which contributed to the study of power series.
In economics, Newton put forward the gold standard.
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One of Newton's recognized achievements is the generalized binomial theorem applicable to any power. He discovered Newton's identity and Newton's method, classified binary cubic curves, made great contributions to finite difference theory, and obtained the solution of Diophantine equation by using fractional exponent and coordinate geometry for the first time.
He used logarithm to approximate the partial sum of harmonic series (this is the pioneer of Euler's summation formula), and used power series and reduced power series with confidence for the first time. He also found a new formula for π.
He was awarded Lucas Professor of Mathematics in 1669. Before that day, all members of Cambridge or Oxford were appointed Anglican priests. However, Professor Lucas' post conditions require that the holder should not engage in church activities (presumably to give the holder more time to engage in scientific research).
Newton thought that he should be exempted from the conditions of paperwork, which required charles ii's permission, and the latter accepted Newton's opinion. This avoids the conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican beliefs.
Newton thought that light is composed of particles or particles, which will be refracted when it is accelerated through an optically dense medium, but he must also relate them to waves to explain the diffraction phenomenon of light. However, later physicists prefer to use pure light waves to explain the diffraction phenomenon. The modern views of quantum mechanics, photon and wave-particle duality have little in common with Newton's understanding of light.
Newton's great achievements in science, coupled with his simple materialistic philosophy and a set of physical methodology system that has begun to take shape, have had a great impact on the development of physics and even the whole natural science, and on the development of industrial revolution, social and economic changes and mechanical materialism in the18th century. Only a few outlines have been drawn here.
Newton's philosophical views are inseparable from his basic achievements in mechanics. He tried to explain all natural phenomena from the perspective of mechanics, which formed Newton's spontaneous materialism in philosophy and led to the prevalence of mechanism. In fact, Newton regarded all phenomena such as chemistry, heat and electricity as "things related to attraction or repulsion".
For example, he first expounded the chemical affinity and described the chemical displacement reaction as the competition between two kinds of gravity; It is considered as "heat generated by exercise or fermentation"; Powder explosion is also a process of violent collision, decomposition and thermal expansion of particles such as sulfur and carbon.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-isaac newton