Fujian Wu Jian Liancheng No.1 Middle School
Many candidates either can't write argumentative papers, or get stuck in the middle, or can't take into account the basic level and development level. This is a problem with unclear concept and unclear style. Effective training can be carried out according to the following conception steps and style training methods.
I. Conception steps
Ye Shengtao said: "Thought has a path, sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph, and the author of a good article will never go anywhere." Candidates' concept of examining questions before writing should be inspired. Some candidates write after reading the topic, which is "disorderly walking" and does not conform to the law of thinking. The correct conception should be centered and then radiated, supplemented and perfected.
As shown: the beginning and the end.
These four steps are developed in turn as follows:
First, fixed point: establish the center-your attitude;
Second, radiation: thinking arguments-from what different angles or sides or levels or stages;
Third, supplement: citing examples-which typical examples should be cited in each argument, and which sentences conform to famous sayings and aphorisms;
Fourth, improve: refine the beginning and end-before writing, draw up the starting and ending points of the full text of the general leader.
In this way, the writing style is simplified, and the above ideas are expressed in an orderly way and beautified with language.
Second, style training methods
After reviewing the topic and mastering the meaning of the topic, students will list the center, beginning, arguments, examples, famous sayings and ending of the article in a way similar to filling in the blanks. Table below:
Title:
Center:
Start:
Argument 1:
Example:
Famous saying:
Argument 2:
Example:
Famous saying:
Argument 3:
Example:
Famous saying:
Ending:
This is the key to writing an argumentative essay. Students list the above contents, which is equivalent to setting up a framework, paving the way and having an answer. The style of writing is simplified to be integrated and beautified step by step, which is conducive to the pursuit of achievements. In order to set up a bright spot, we stop halfway for fine decoration, polishing and packaging, without affecting our thinking and momentum.
It is worth noting that: 1, the opening paragraph should be clear and concise, and the question should be answered in three sentences. Let the marking teacher know at a glance that your composition conforms to the meaning of the topic, the center is clear, and it can be done that "the content written must be within the scope of the topic"; The next work is mainly to see the development level of this composition and how many highlights can be added. 2. If everyone works on the same topic together, because the arguments listed in the middle cite different examples, it will also play the role of exchanging notes and information on the same topic.
Schopenhauer said, "Whoever thinks clearly will make it clear." That makes sense. In the examination room, whoever thinks clearly will write clearly; Whoever writes clearly will get high marks.
("new composition? Research on Composition Teaching in Middle School (March 2005)
Argumentative writing skills
Author: Romantic Yan Feng Source: Composition Network Visits: 1320 Time: 2006-06-03 Font: Double-click the scroll screen to close the window.
Learn to "start with one sentence"
The beginning of the article is reluctant, so it is boring to write, especially the final assignment of argumentative paper.
The article begins without thinking, which will have a negative impact on the object of discussion and the method of argument. If the goal direction is not clear, the discussion will be irrelevant, and the randomness at the beginning of the article will also cause the lack of confidence in writing.
This kind of "random start" situation often appears in time-limited propositional compositions. The teacher asked to hand in the paper in class, "if you can't write it, you have to write it" and "if you don't like it, you have to write it". As a result, some students save time to think, "sit on the boat first", and then find the goal in swimming. This "swimming" often leads to nothing to say. For example, when he wrote Talking about Habits, he replied, "What is a habit? Habits are ... There are two kinds of habits: good habits and bad habits ... Of course, there are also bad habits ... "; When writing "Bitterness and Happiness", I wrote: "In the world, there is happiness when there is bitterness. Bitterness means …, while happiness means …, people generally prefer happiness to bitterness … "It seems that" receiving words "is very smooth, but these words are dispensable. I didn't see my point of view in the 800-word article.
There are some ways to solve the problem of "finding a goal while traveling", such as learning to analyze materials, improving dialectical thinking ability, expanding associative thinking, etc., that is to say, practicing basic skills. But is there a more direct training method? Yes The most obvious problem with "Let's get on the boat first" is the wordiness at the beginning. Here is a way to start, that is, the "one-sentence starting method", that is, whether it is a material composition or a proposition composition, you force yourself to start with only one sentence.
Doing so is of great benefit to correct the problem of not saying what you mean at the beginning of the article. Because you can only use one sentence, you must consider clearly expressing your point of view, forcing yourself to choose the most weighty words from the thinking of the topic as the beginning, and urging yourself to compare and screen the content of thinking. This opening is both concise and clear. The beginning of a sentence is conducive to entering the discussion as soon as possible and making the central part stand out.
At the beginning of a sentence, people can also have the passion to write. For example, a classmate wrote "Reading Blessing" and said, "It's so unfair!" At first, such a beginning is like finding the right emotional gate, which can drain thousands of miles.
People often think that starting with the simplest language is of great benefit to overcoming the shortcomings of guerrilla warfare.
Refine your language
The same proposition, similar viewpoint and similar argument structure, why do some articles compete, some read and some don't (the gap between test scores is large)? This is mainly a language problem. It is almost a chronic disease for middle school students not to pay attention to improving their language level in argumentative writing.
It is a good principle that the language of argumentative writing should first be plain and clear. A point of view, a truth, I hope people can accept it, "clear" is the most important; However, if this view is not profound, simple or even widely known, then "insipid" may become "tasteless". It is good to publicize a simple truth in simple language, but it will be more convincing and appealing to publicize a simple truth in wonderful language.
Some students' argumentative essays are clear-cut and well-structured, but they are used to discussing them in extremely childish language, making an inappropriate analogy: it is like adults wearing children's clothes. There is also a common fault, that is, blindly imitating the reporting cavity, making high-profile official speeches, and bluffing by slogans and lies. Obviously, he was invited to talk about his own views and make comments, but he shouted in vain. It is not that readers hate him and think that he has no ideas of his own. He may also think he is insincere. I just shouted for a while, and when the teacher read such articles, even seven or eight, he would inevitably lose his mind.
In argumentative writing, we should have the consciousness of refining language, and we should not just be satisfied with "making it clear". "Speaking clearly" is the basic requirement, while "speaking well" and "speaking thoroughly" are high-standard requirements. Don't try to meet high requirements, but be satisfied with "speaking clearly". In this way, you will never want to improve your language level, or even fail to meet the requirement of "speaking clearly".
An ordinary sentence, can you make it more fascinating? Can you describe one thing more vividly? Can a traditional statement be expressed in a novel and vivid way? A set of established sentences, can you adjust the order? In order to deepen the impression of readers, can layout and rendering be used? Can you use parallelism to not enhance the momentum of the article? Can you explain it in spoken English? Can you consider a strong rhetorical question? ……
As long as you can always have this sense of forging language, it is not difficult to improve your language level. Writing an article is like cooking. How can we make it "tasty"? You can't do it without asking yourself some questions. This truth is not profound. Many of our classmates have good taste, but they are often only used to taste other people's craftsmanship. Only when we do it ourselves is it sloppy. Forging language was not built in a day, but you will never make progress without action.
The example should be clear.
Examples of argumentative essays are used to prove points and increase persuasiveness. Whether the case is consistent with the viewpoint is the most important, followed by "fresh" as far as possible instead of "old sesame rotten millet" On the one hand, "diligence" means "hanging a beam to reflect snow", on the other hand, "discovery" means "Watt's kettle lid" and "Newton's apple"-these are the basic principles, so I won't say much here.
For example, when writing an argumentative essay, we should also pay attention to one problem, that is, we can't treat personal experience as something that adults are familiar with. Everyone has their own unique life experience, their own reading accumulation, and they all exist in different environments (especially in different teaching environments). So for example, when writing an article, you can't think that what you know must be known by others. This kind of negligence is generally reflected in "short talk"-because the misunderstanding is well known, it is brought out at once, and the result is confusing. For example, when a teacher says something in class, students don't elaborate in writing. They knew what it was when teacher A saw it, but they were probably ignorant when teacher B saw it, so they felt very vague. Especially in the use of allusions, due to the limitation of personal reading experience, there will be obstacles in understanding without explanation, such as "this is the same as Zheng people not buying shoes" and "seeing a bamboo pole entering the city", which are two fables of "Zheng people buying shoes" and "Lu people seeing a pole", which make readers have obstacles in understanding. In fact, if you can add one or two sentences or even a few phrases, you can describe this example more clearly.
This "Zheng people buy shoes" and "Lu people saw poles" are allusions, which are well documented and can be understood with a little explanation. Some examples, without detailed explanation, are simply incomprehensible. For example, "Like the design of the Twenty-four Bridges, it seems monotonous" and "What Yuan Longping learned is not the dragon slaying plan"-without a certain living environment, such a brief example will not help, because it is not only difficult to understand, but also may lead to ambiguity. In fact, the "Twenty-four Bridges" mentioned here are not the Twenty-four Bridges of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, but the nicknames of Nanjing people for the newly built Twenty-four Pedestrian Bridges in recent years. The famous agronomist Yuan Longping (inventor of hybrid rice and academician of China Academy of Engineering) is an alumnus of high school affiliated to nanjing normal university. For students in high school affiliated to nanjing normal university, his name may be a household name, but without this environment, readers may not be able to respond for a while.
Not only this kind of example, if it is a phenomenon observed by yourself, you should also make it clear when you use it as an example, because what you notice and are interested in may not be noticed or interested by others. In recent years, some students often write some lyrics in argumentative essays and borrow the lyrics of popular songs. That's right, but it's best to point out the lyrics. If you add a sentence "There is a song that sings like this …", you can let the reader know that this is a quotation. A classmate once wrote in an article, "I am extremely excited at the thought of' I am working hard in the sun'". The teacher can't understand what this means, why put quotation marks here, and why this extremely simple sentence makes his students so excited. Later, I learned that this was the most popular song sung by a singer in Taiwan Province province that month, but not every student was familiar with it, and the teacher was even more puzzled.
In view of this, you should think twice when giving examples.
Finally, don't put on airs
We used to listen to big talk reports, and we judged whether the reports were coming to an end. There are several ways. First, according to the content, for example, he said at the beginning that he would talk about four issues, just like we write an outline, even if we want to add a few words, time is limited; The second is to look at the time, just like we write a set of words. We talked for two hours, and it was time to eat or get off work. It's over before it's over What is more troublesome is that the outline is not clear and refuses to be limited by time. That depends on the mood. The report is coming to an end. If the article ends, it should be formal. But if the speaker's mood is chaotic and irregular, it is difficult to judge. For example, he suddenly spoke forcefully and waved forcefully, and everyone thought that his passion was about to end, so he clapped hard every time he shouted a sentence, but then he talked about another topic in a soothing tone. When you were in doubt, he raised his arms and shouted, "Let's go ...! This time you thought it would end anyway, but you didn't expect him to give the next "but" tactfully ...
Anyone who wants to enter this kind of funny scene will find it funny, but an argumentative essay of about 800 words will make people feel ridiculous or even boring if it is written hastily and affectedly at the end.
What I want to point out here is that some students write argumentative essays, especially like to open a "power framework" and want to create a little momentum. However, due to the limited basic skills, I finally have to bluff, or shout slogans, or imitate the foresight of great men, and often say "Young friends, let's …" or "strive to make greater contributions"-these words. This "too big to fail" is a bad habit. We advocate a neat ending: after analysis and elaboration, the conclusion will naturally come out. What is there to nag about? Writing an argumentative essay is not writing a report. Enthusiasm and appeal cannot be replaced by empty shouting. In fact, Passion is just an ending style, and the ending could have been diverse.
Finally, be calm. Do you need to emphasize your own point of view, add some points of view, explain the tendency worthy of attention, and remind readers to think further about a certain problem ... these are all considerations when making an outline.
Be calm at the end, don't suddenly cool down, pay attention to the rhythm of the language. You can sum up your own views, but you can't repeat too much. People who write articles hope that their opinions can attract people's attention. At this time, the language of writing should pay attention to "impressing" people.
Writing articles, especially discussion and narration, should be like what people say-it looks like swearing, but the language of some articles is not like talking, but like a lifeless machine. First of all, it is not smooth and can't be understood. There is neither rigor in written language nor fluency in spoken language. The second is lifeless and cold. The article is for people to read. If you read this article, you will see that person. Not angry at all. What is it like? Third, frankly speaking, some students love to write things that people can't understand; Some blindly imitate, like to use Europeanized sentences, and some like to imitate Hong Kong and Taiwan accents, always saying "I am so happy"; There are also a bunch of words and adjectives; However, some students' writing language is poor, with a "ten" and "very", and a short essay can use seven or eight; Some people recite an idiom dictionary, as if they are sorry for not using it enough. An idiom comes every two or three sentences, which makes them groggy. Therefore, readers' attention is focused on dealing with idioms in the article. We usually read our classmates' argumentative essays. Whether the language expression of the article is fluent or not is an important criterion to distinguish "good" from "general" when the argument is correctly established and the argumentation method meets the requirements. Some students simply imitate other people's languages, and they are stubborn, such as "being a newcomer to the four modernizations", "working hard" and "contributing to the four modernizations", which hardly requires any thinking. It's not that you can't learn this kind of thing, but if you just say this and keep saying it, who will listen to you?
The predecessors commented on the articles of pre-Qin philosophers and praised them as "deeper than metaphor" and "deeper than taking pictures". Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi paid attention to vivid language and rich metaphors even when talking about the most abstract truth. In Zeng, Zeng and Gong Xihua, Confucius asked students to express their opinions. Zeng said, "Those who are in late spring have taken their spring clothes, and five or six people have crowned them, and seven or six boys have been released by bathing, singing and dancing in the wind." You see, in a few words, he vividly painted a picture for people that only the country can govern the world, which is more acceptable than saying "the country is rich and strong, the people are safe", "prosperous" and "well-off society". This picture is more desirable than "I am disappointed, ask the boundless earth who is in charge of ups and downs", because only by governing the world can a scholar indulge in singing the spring breeze, so the master. ”" "
Mencius said in "Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi" that when he was managing the world, he said, "Those who admire white clothes should not wear Taoism"-on the road, white-haired old people can no longer be seen, carrying things on their backs and struggling with things on their heads. What does this mean? This is much more vivid than saying "rich life" and "simple folk customs"
I remember one year in Shanghai, I chose "Miss Shanghai". In the final round, only two players scored the same, so there was another question: "What do you want to see most in Shanghai?" One person's answer is: "when I go to work during the day, a bus comes on time." There are not many people in the car, and everyone has a seat. " -when the words came out, they won the house applause. Of course, the difficulties faced by Shanghai are not only bus problems, but also bus congestion is a well-known thing. The young lady painted an ideal picture for everyone and touched all the judges at once. If she said "I hope Shanghai will become more and more beautiful", "I hope the bus situation in Shanghai will be improved" and "develop the bus industry and strive for greater victory", the result can be imagined.
If we want to make our composition language lively, we should pay more attention to learning this expression.
Words have substance, no nonsense.
Please see below:
A province passed the exam, entitled "Comparative Study of Japanese Constitution and British Constitution". There is a cloud in the first volume of its champion: "There are two kinds of constitutions, one is the Japanese constitution and the other is the British constitution. Japanese laws are made by Japanese, while British laws are made by westerners. Japanese law mostly uses' Ai, Yi, A and Ai', while British law mostly uses' Ai, Pi, Xi and Ti'. The French department in Japan goes straight, while the French department in Britain runs rampant. There are 79 Japanese laws and 63 British laws. The examiner commented: "The textual research is detailed, and it can list the constitutional provisions of Japan and Britain, which is quite studied in the politics of the East and the West. "
The title requires "discussion", but what did the author "discuss"? I shook my head and said nothing, which made me feel ridiculous. In fact, this is not necessarily a joke. Looking back at the argumentative essays written by some of our classmates, it is not difficult to find such nonsense.
Speaking of "good", a good article can be said to be endless. Generally speaking, without the "upper limit", it is not easy to enter that realm. But it should not be difficult to meet the basic requirements. At the very least, it should be meaningful, so that people can know what you want to say and what you said after reading it, and leave an impression more or less. Your opinion, your analysis, your conclusion, your expression, your language ... in a word, be "yours".
There are many reasons for the problem of "breaking promises". Besides writing attitude, the most important thing is that you can't think. It is common to give a simple explanation of the topic without any thinking and analysis. If you give him a topic "habit", he will not know how to introduce some new ideas with this topic and how to choose the appropriate expression. Instead, he will follow the old pattern and start a discussion: "What is a habit?" Habit is ... there are two kinds of habits: one is good habit and the other is bad habit. ..... We should keep good habits and get rid of bad habits. ..... "-as far as words are concerned, what he said is not wrong, but it is useless. Because he didn't say anything, he had nothing of his own. He just repeated the simplest axiom "1+ 1 = 2". Without thinking, he had to repeat or imitate other people's views, list too many examples that people said, and quote "famous sayings" that people were tired of reading ... but he just didn't have the strength to come up with a genuine "I want to"!
Another kind of empty talk is empty talk and big talk. The topic is big, and he doesn't know how to narrow the hole to dig; The topic is small, and he doesn't know how to analogy "talk". No matter what the topic is, he always starts with an empty talk, which seems to be not a good article. This kind of big and empty rhetoric seems to be "aggressive." From the situation to the significance, from the principle to the principle, he asked for an 800-word article, and he wrote 200 to 300 words in an opening speech. Then, before making a concrete analysis of the topic, I began to draw a domineering conclusion: describe grand goals, look forward to magnificent prospects, put forward higher requirements, and never touch "young friends, Let's ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ... Come ...
This kind of "article" with nothing to say and nonsense is boring for readers, and I think the author may not be without distress. So how can we make it meaningful? I think the first thing is to think and try to establish my own opinion. Even if it is an explanation of truth, everyone will have a unique feeling in combination with specific life practice. It is probably not difficult to express this feeling as completely and accurately as possible and make the article "informative".