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Problems and development direction of garden nursery
On the whole, the young crop industry developed well all over the country this spring. Not only the production and sales of most seedlings were booming, but also some varieties were in short supply. But at the same time, a series of new problems in the seedling industry are also worthy of attention.
The planting area of seedlings in various places has increased rapidly. Zhejiang 800,000 mu, Jiangsu 540,000 mu, Henan 460,000 mu, Liaoning 390,000 mu, Shanxi 360,000 mu ... It is intriguing that among these figures, last winter and this spring actually increased by 20%-30%. Last year, the State Forestry Administration conducted a comprehensive survey of the national seedling industry, and found that state-owned nurseries provided 36 billion seedlings every year, accounting for only about13 of the national10 billion listed seedlings. Non-public nursery has become the main body of green nursery industry. Most of these industrial entities, which are composed of thousands of farmers in Qian Qian, blindly follow the trend, with low starting point, small scale and weak ability to resist market risks. It is estimated that the number of seedlings listed this year should be above 654.38+02 billion. Can the market really digest?
In the spring of this year, the problem of seedling escape sequence appeared all over the country. This reminds us that national ecology and landscape construction need seedlings, but not all seedlings are needed. In particular, the market demand for conventional tree species, small seedlings and low-quality seedlings is no longer strong. From the surplus of willows in the north to the surplus of juniper in the south, we can vaguely see that the surplus of seedlings in some areas is no longer a problem. In the spring of this year, the phenomenon that young seedlings are unsalable is widespread all over the country. On the one hand, there are many small seedlings, and the greening project is not used for a while; On the other hand, to a certain extent, people are generally worried about the young crop market in five or six years. Large areas of seedlings have been in short supply for several years, and this spring is no exception, which is the direct result of urban greening and beautification projects. The shortage of seedlings in economic forests such as Myrica rubra, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, walnut and jujube is the direct result of the national policy of returning farmland to forests. "Color-leafed tree species", "European and American varieties", "rare tree species" and "precious varieties" are flying all over the sky. Today, after reading the news that the prices of Boxwood in Hokkaido, Castanopsis kawakamii, Sajinbai, Poplar, Platycladus orientalis, Cedar, etc. have all fallen in spring, I realized that people who boldly speculate are fat people, and those who blindly follow the trend are from bad karma.
Now, the green seedling industry has become a pillar industry in the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure in more than ten provinces and cities across the country. Behind the main features of this spring, such as the widespread explosion of seedling industry area, sharp drop in prices, excessive variety structure, high-quality seedlings being favored, and promising prospects for earning foreign exchange through export, we can see that the young seedling market is far from mature.
The fundamental purpose of seedling production is application, and the source of application can be traced back to landscape design.
The most closely related to plants in garden design is plant landscaping, that is, planting design. If seedling producers have a certain understanding of plant landscaping and consciously link seedling production with plant landscaping, production will be more targeted. As far as the present situation of plant landscape design in China is concerned, there are the following aspects that need special attention from seedling producers.
First of all, the functionality of plants has attracted more and more attention. More and more attention has been paid to the role of plants in improving the environment, such as noise-reducing plants with thick leaves, low branches and dense branches, such as coral trees, pittosporum and camellia in the south; Plants that can absorb harmful gases, such as oleander, are very needed by designers in the greening design of roads and communities.
Secondly, we should deeply understand the functions and characteristics of plant landscaping. From the perspective of applying plants to improve the spatial structure, many landscape designers need tall trees more than 25 meters to increase the volume of space, but now there are few such plants in the nursery, and there are even fewer finished seedlings. At present, garden plants prefer tree species with obvious seasonal changes, which has not been paid enough attention to in seedling production. From the perspective of landscape design, designers prefer to use plant varieties that can show the changes of "spring and autumn". From the perspective of embodying local characteristics, our garden design has increasingly emphasized the regionality and uniqueness of the site, which inevitably requires a large number of tree species with local characteristics. From the perspective of national seedling production, our nursery is facing the problem of single variety and lack of native plant varieties. Some native tree species that are not difficult to produce and have strong adaptability are hard to buy.
Third, plants are the survival foundation of wild animals. At present, planners not only emphasize people-oriented, but also create a good living environment for animals, and the main means to achieve this is to create a suitable plant community. In this community, there must be plants that can provide food for small animals, plants that attract birds to nest and so on. On the one hand, our seedling producers must know what kind of plants in a region can have such functions, so as to determine their own production goals.
Seedling raising is the foundation and application is the purpose. Nursery producers can only earn income by selling seedlings. Whether the seedlings can be sold mainly depends on whether the seedlings can be used in landscaping. Nursery producers should not only learn from each other in nursery management, but also learn from each other's strengths. More importantly, they should go out of the nursery and go to the city to visit the landscape planning of landscaping, observe and learn the application of seedlings, and find out the gaps and problems in their own nursery production.
At present, combined with urban greening construction, the following points should be paid attention to in the process of nursery seedling production.
First, cultivate large-scale full crown or semi-crown seedlings. Due to the rapid development of urban economic construction, it is required that the project should be put into use immediately after completion, and the garden landscape can see the effect immediately. Therefore, full-crown or semi-crown large-size seedlings are more popular in engineering. This kind of seedlings should be rooted and pruned two years in advance, and nursery producers should plan ahead.
Second, properly cultivate some container seedlings. At present, after the completion of engineering construction projects, greening construction is needed, and it is impossible for all construction projects to be completed in spring, so there are many anti-season greening projects. Using container seedlings is an important means to improve the survival rate of seedlings and quickly reflect the greening effect.
The third is to cultivate seedlings with strong resistance, wide adaptability and low maintenance cost. Tree species used for urban greening should adapt to the site conditions of the city. Urban air is relatively dry, the temperature difference between day and night is small, the environmental pollution is heavy, the light is weak, and the soil is hardened, the air permeability is poor and the fertility is poor. In urban landscaping, it is impossible to transform the urban environment in order to plant a living tree or make a tree grow normally, so that the urban site conditions can adapt to the ecological characteristics of tree species. So those cold-resistant, heat-resistant, drought-resistant, moisture-resistant, insect-resistant and pollution-resistant tree species have certain advantages in urban greening. It is suggested that the nursery should focus on cultivating some drought-resistant and water-saving seedlings when selecting tree species to meet the needs of urban environmental conditions.
Fourth, cultivate seedlings of unconventional tree species and varieties. Don't compete for the popular seedlings, you can attack the unpopular seedlings with another strategy. A few years ago, poplar seedlings swarmed in, and almost every nursery had a large area of colorful leaf trees such as Alsophila spinulosa, purple leaf plum and plum tree. However, excessive production of the hottest seedlings will also lead to mutual price suppression, and nursery producers should take a warning. Trees that bloom in spring are really popular, but trees that bloom in two or three seasons a year have better ornamental effects. Nature creates the growth of all things, and Scientific Outlook on Development requires us to cultivate diversified varieties to adapt to the growth in various natural environments. Therefore, nursery producers can try to engage in the production of rare seedlings, such as papaya, begonia, hawthorn, pomegranate and persimmon in ornamental fruit trees; Ornamental bamboo, such as bamboo, bamboo, bamboo and arhat bamboo; Lianas include Rosa davurica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Lingxiao, Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Trachelospermum, etc. The ground cover plants include Prunus purpurea, Spiraea, Rhododendron flavum, Petunia, Corydalis tricolor, Sedum alfredii, Tradescantia, Carnation, Lilac, Hemerocallis, Daphne Daphne and Buddleja officinalis. Among aquatic plants, LYSIMACHIA crassipes, lotus, water lily, onion, Arundo donax, Oenanthe javanica, Schizonepeta tenuifolia and Sedum sarmentosum are commonly used in roof greening. At present, these varieties of flowers and trees are rarely cultivated in nurseries, and the demand will gradually increase in the future.
Five, seedling size and planting density should be suitable for urban applications. Generally speaking, the DBH of large trees is 7 cm ~ 9 cm and 10 cm ~ 16 cm, that of medium trees is about 5 cm ~ 6 cm and 8 cm, and that of small trees is about 2.5 cm ~ 3 cm and 4 cm. There is no need to cultivate bigger ones. In order to make full use of land resources, in the early stage of large-scale seedling raising, ground cover plants and flowering shrubs can be interplanted in the nursery. If the DBH is above 12 cm, it can be carried out in two stages. Planting began at a density of 222 plants per mu. When DBH is more than 7 cm, you can sell half of the seedlings alternately and then continue to cultivate the rest.
Six, the cultivation of exotic seedlings should be cautious. Before the introduction of alien species for large-scale promotion, the state stipulates that it must go through a series of processes such as evaluation, introduction review, isolated trial planting, domestication test, identification and strict quarantine. A few years ago, some nurseries introduced many exotic tree species, most of which did not go through formal channels, and some tree species did not adapt to China's ecological environment; Some also carry infectious diseases and pests; Although some tree species perform well, their adaptive growth range is narrow; Some tree species do have high ornamental value, but the cultivation level is high and the engineering seedlings are few, so the price is higher and the engineering application is less. From this point of view, small-scale nurseries should carefully develop new varieties, and nurseries with strong economic strength can choose excellent exotic tree species for professional production.
The price of green seedlings is a concern of every producer. According to the production and sales of garden seedlings for many years, the composition of seedling prices includes the following aspects:
First, the preciousness of seedlings.
Seedlings also have aesthetic taste and cultural heritage. The higher the aesthetic taste, the longer the traditional cultivation time and the higher the price, such as Podocarpus, Ginkgo biloba, Osmanthus fragrans and other tree species. Especially the big trees, simple and vigorous, full of strong cultural charm and connotation, are the fine products in garden plant landscaping.
Second, the tree characteristics of seedlings
The tree characteristics of seedlings mainly include trunk diameter, crown fullness and size, tree growth, branch growth and tree health.
Third, the growth rate of seedlings themselves.
Garden trees can be divided into fast-growing trees and slow-growing trees. Slow growth, long growth cycle and high price, such as large and medium-sized Podocarpus, Osmanthus fragrans and coniferous trees. If the growth rate is fast, the production cycle is relatively short and the price is low, such as hibiscus flower and rattan pear flower.
Four, the propagation method of seedlings and the source of propagation materials.
The propagation methods of seedlings mainly include sowing, grafting, branching and cutting. If a seedling is mainly propagated by cutting, the survival rate is high, and the price will definitely go down.
Five, raw and mature seedlings
Living trees refer to trees in different places that have not been replanted for many years (at least 5 years). Once these trees are transplanted to green land, the mortality rate is very high. Mature trees refer to trees cultivated in local nurseries, which have been transplanted or cut down many times. Because of its developed fibrous roots and dense soil balls, the survival rate of transplantation is very high. Because of different maturity, the price difference of tree species with the same specifications and the same growth is generally large.
Six, the special requirements of greening project for seedlings
Because of different planning and design schemes, the allocation of trees is also very different, among which the allocation of trees in natural green space is sometimes very special, which requires trees to have unique posture and growth to avoid duplication. At present, most of the seedlings produced in garden nurseries have the same specifications and shapes, so it is difficult for producers and buyers to keep pace, which leaves more expensive space for individual trees with strange posture and growth.
In recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region, Beijing's bid for the Olympic Games has been successful, the greening speed and quality of large, medium and small cities have been improved, and six forestry projects, such as river regulation, natural forest protection and long-term prevention of returning farmland, have been fully launched. Landscaping seedlings of various specifications will continue to be popular, prices will continue to rise, and they will face good development opportunities.
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