(Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences)
First, the meaning of tourism geoscience
Generally speaking, tourism geoscience is an applied discipline of earth science serving the tourism industry. With the continuous development of the discipline, its meaning is becoming more and more complete. 1985 when the tourism geoscience research society was established, its meaning was included in Article 2 of the articles of association: "Tourism geoscience is a new frontier discipline that uses geoscience theories and methods to serve the investigation, research, planning, development and protection of tourism resources". Chen Anze and Lu Zai 199 1 put forward a deeper definition: "Tourism geoscience is a new branch of earth science, which studies the relationship between human tourism and recreation and the composition, structure, energy migration and change of the earth's surface materials. It includes geological and geographical tourism environment. Therefore, tourism geology is the general name of two marginal disciplines: tourism geology and tourism geography. " In the forthcoming Dictionary of Tourism Geoscience, the definition of tourism geoscience has been expanded and refined, that is, "tourism geoscience is a new interdisciplinary subject combining earth science with tourism, which mainly includes tourism geology and tourism geography. Tourism geoscience is based on the theories and methods of earth science and absorbs the knowledge and methods of other disciplines (aesthetics, environmentology, landscape architecture, tourism, etc.). ) to study various problems in tourism: ① mainly study the objective elements of tourism-tourism resources. Focus on the study of natural tourism resources, and discuss their formation reasons, distribution laws, aesthetic value, scientific value, scientific popularization education value, tourism development value, protection methods, regional and scenic tourism planning and utilization, etc. Study the geological problems involved in ancient buildings, ancient cultural sites, grottoes, gardens and other geological conditions and environmental factors. ② It also studies the main elements of tourism-tourist market, such as the geographical distribution of tourists and the changes caused by geographical and climatic factors. ③ Study the medium elements of tourism-geoscience problems involved in tourist reception facilities, such as tourist roads, building site selection, foundation stability evaluation and various geoscience background fields (radioactivity, magnetism, electricity, trace elements, negative oxygen ions, etc.). ) In the rest area. (4) Focus on the construction of geological parks, create scientific tourism products, and establish a scientific interpretation system for tourism. Tourism geoscience is a subject that fully serves China in the era of scientific tourism.
Second, the background of tourism geoscience
Judging from the experience of studying the history of discipline development, the birth of a discipline mainly depends on two factors: ① the demand of society is the driving force for the emergence of a new discipline, the engine for the establishment of a new discipline, the objective factor or the external factor; (2) The need for the outward expansion of the discipline itself is the basis for the emergence of new disciplines and the internal factor for the development of new disciplines. These two factors will only appear when the society develops to a specific historical stage, which is related to the development level of social productive forces, and tourism geoscience is produced under specific historical conditions. China's reform and opening-up policy from 65438 to 0978 has greatly liberated the productive forces and human creativity, followed by the great economic development and unprecedented prosperity of tourism. Tourism is an industry that needs the support of various disciplines to develop healthily. The development of tourism urgently needs the support of resources, especially the natural aesthetic resources of landscape, and geoscience has absolute advantages in providing natural landscape resources. The demand of society pushes geoscience to serve tourism and promotes the birth of tourism geoscience. It is the spring tide that the reform and opening-up has prompted a large number of geologists to move towards service tourism. In the process of serving the tourism industry, earth scientists realize that the ancient earth science contains infinite vitality expanding outward, and tourism makes it useful. Once her rich theories and working methods accumulated for a long time are combined with the needs of tourism, a new spark will collide, and a discipline "tourism geoscience" will emerge as the times require. It is worth mentioning that geoscience theories and methods have laid a solid theoretical foundation for the establishment of tourism geoscience. Without the support of geoscience theory, it is impossible to create a new discipline out of thin air. In particular, in order to revive ancient geoscience, it is necessary to expand to the periphery and cross with other sciences, and relatively mature and perfect geoscience theories and methods are the basis and internal cause for establishing a new discipline of tourism geoscience. As we all know, before 1978, China did not have the economic foundation and political environment to develop tourism, nor did it have the social conditions to produce tourism geoscience. In the final analysis, the arrival of the new stage of reform and opening up has organically combined these two factors, and tourism geoscience is the product of the new stage of historical development.
Thirdly, tourism geoscience has made great contributions to the cause of China Geopark.
The concept of establishing a geoscience park came into being when geologists served the tourism industry. It was formally put forward to the State Council in "Several Opinions on Developing Tourism and Strengthening Geoscience Investigation and Research" when the Geological Society of China Tourism Geoscience Research Association was established in 1985. After that, tourism geologists repeatedly proposed to the leaders of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources to establish a geological park, but it was shelved because the time was not ripe. It was not until 1999 that the Ministry of Land and Resources held the "National Conference on Geological Landscape Protection" in Weihai, Shandong Province. When Chen Anze gave a report at the conference as a invited expert, he once again raised the issue of establishing a geological park and informed UNESCO and Europe that the plan for establishing a geological park was put forward. Because the conditions for establishing geoparks at home and abroad are ripe, the meeting adopted this proposal, which played a key role in establishing a national geopark system in China. In the spring of 2000, the Ministry of Land and Resources officially decided to declare geoparks nationwide, and in that year approved the first batch of national geoparks in China, including 1 1 Shilin National Geopark. The Tourism Geoscience Research Association organized experts to provide a series of draft documents for the declaration, evaluation, opening conditions, planning and management of geoparks, and organized and led the planning of Zhangzhou Binhai Volcano National Geopark, the first national geopark in China, which set an example for the scientific planning, construction and management of geoparks. Later, tourism geologists put forward a set of rules and regulations on the classification, evaluation criteria, protection methods, and scientific interpretation of geological parks (including the main and auxiliary monuments of parks, geological museum, geological popular science film halls, scenic spots and scenery interpretation boards of geological scenic spots, scientific research of geological parks, scientific guide maps of geological parks, geological parks series, etc.). ), information network construction, management system, tourism facilities and fund raising. In a word, tourism geosciences advocated the establishment of China Geopark system, prepared its theoretical basis and a set of working methods, especially trained and prepared a large number of Geopark talents, thus ensuring the development of Geopark cause. In 2009, the seminar also put forward a proposal to reform the examination and approval method of national geological parks, which was approved by the Ministry of Land and Resources. In the future, the application time of the National Geopark will be changed from once a year to once every two years, and the completion of the application and approval will be changed to: ① the application has passed the review and obtained the construction qualification; (2) According to the national geological park construction standard (three years); (3) Three steps, the field evaluation reaches the acceptance standard, and then it can be approved as a national geological park. Since then, the construction and management of China Geopark has entered a new stage of standardization, institutionalization and scientificity. Up to now, China has established 22 world geoparks, 65,438+039 national geoparks (including China and Hongkong national geoparks), and another 44 have been qualified to build national geoparks, and more than 65,438+000 provincial geoparks have been established. Village-level geoparks have also been established in Taiwan Province Province, China, and the China geopark system with complete geological categories, orderly management and wide distribution has been initially established. Tourism geoscience has made great contributions to the establishment of China Geopark, and will continue to make new contributions to strengthening the management, improving the quality and steadily moving towards the "four modernizations" (scale, standardization, institutionalization and scientificity) of China Geopark.
4. Tourism geoscience has made great contributions to the development of tourism in China.
Tourism geoscience and tourism in China have grown up almost at the same time. Among many disciplines that promote the development of tourism in China, tourism geoscience is at the forefront. Tourism geoscience theory, tourism geoscience organizations and tourism geographers have made great contributions to the establishment and development of tourism in China.
1. Contribution of tourism geoscience organizations
Tourism geoscience organization is a link to unite tourism geographers and a bridge to communicate with government tourism management agencies and other tourism groups. It is a solid platform for tourism geographers to exchange research results and serve the tourism industry. The greatest contribution of China Tourism Geoscience Organization is to unite the whole tourism academic circle, even the backbone of China serving other tourism industries. Through academic exchanges, this paper discusses the major theoretical problems and practical working methods encountered in various stages of China's tourism development, summarizes a set of theories and methods to guide China's tourism development, and provides suggestions for governments at all levels to develop, manage and plan tourism development. The establishment, development and expansion of tourism in China cannot be separated from the hard work of tourism geoscience organizations. Geological Society of China Tourism Geological Science Research Society implements the policy of integrating theory with practice. Since its establishment 25 years ago, it has held 24 annual academic conferences and many special seminars. Every meeting insists on holding seminars to publicize the tourism development strategies of the host provinces, cities and counties, and organize experts to put forward systematic opinions and suggestions on the positioning of local tourism industry types, market positioning, tourism product positioning, tourism resource evaluation, marketing strategy, tourism talent training and tourism science popularization. The tourism industry in all counties and cities has consulted the national tourism geoscience experts. After each annual meeting, its tourism can develop with each passing day, such as Yuntai Mountain in Henan, Zhangpu in Fujian, Dajin Lake in Taining in Fujian, Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui, etc ... The great transformation and development of tourism is the best example.
2. Tourism geoscience theory and the contribution of tourism geographers.
As the great revolutionary said, without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary action, and tourism geoscience theory played an important guiding role in the development of tourism. The discipline of tourism geology was founded by China people and colleagues in the tourism industry in China, not by individuals. In the establishment of China tourism geoscience, colleagues in the geographical field are at the forefront. Their pioneers are Wu Chuanjun, Chen Chuankang, Guo Laixi, Lu, Yang Guanxiong, Xie, Su, Song Lifu, Yin Zesheng, Wang Qinglian, Zhou Qianjin, and Xin. The geological field started at the same time, and its pioneers were Yin, Chen Anze, Zhang No.2 Mine, Chen Maoxun, Ma Hengwei, Fu, Tao, Yin, Wang Gongcha, Chen and Wu. Leaders and scientists supporting the development of tourism geoscience are Xia Guozhi, Sun Wensheng, Shou Jiahua, Du Yili, Huang, Gao Zhenxi, Li Chunyu, Li Tingdong, Chen Mengxiong, Shen, Zhai Yusheng, Zhang Zongzuo, Lv Yaoru, Zhao, Xiao Xuchang, Rong Jiayu and Liu Jiaqi. It is worth noting that a large number of young and middle-aged tourism geographers have grown up in the development of tourism geography. They are Bao Jigang, Peng Decheng, Zhong, Yu, Yang, Liu Feng, Xu, Yan Wuzhi, Yang Zhenzhi, Guo Fusheng, Fan Xiao, He Yinwu, Wang Yanyong, Wang Leiting and Zhang Zhonghui. With their joint efforts, they have established a relatively complete tourism geoscience theory and a series of regulations, standards, guidelines and methods to guide the development of tourism and the construction of geological parks and scenic spots, which have played an important role in the healthy and orderly development of China's tourism industry.
Tourism geographers have not only made great contributions to China tourism in theory, policy and strategy, but also made great contributions to tourism practice. As far as I know, the first national tourism planning, most provincial tourism planning, most regional tourism planning, countless special tourism planning, scenic spot planning, national geological park declaration, comprehensive research report and park planning were all compiled by tourism geographers. Today, tourism geographers are still the backbone of tourism planning, landscape design and various tourism product planning, and half the sky of China tourism is supported by tourism geographers.
5. Tourist geosciences and geoparks are milestones in the history of geosciences in China.
The definition of "mileage" in Ci Hai is this: set up a sign on the roadside to record mileage. It is often used as a metaphor for major events that can be used as symbols in the historical process. Accordingly, the author puts forward that the establishment of tourism geoscience and geopark is a milestone in the history of geoscience in China for discussion.
1. A new concept of geological resources is put forward theoretically.
Geological resources used to refer to mineral resources, including fuel minerals such as metals, nonmetals and oil and gas, which were mainly used to meet people's material needs. Minerals have economic development value, and must be dug out of the ground and refined or specially processed when used. Because mining and refining minerals often leave a lot of waste residue, waste gas and waste water, causing environmental pollution, it is necessary to pay a great price to control the waste mine environment and eliminate mining pollution. Tourism geoscience systematically demonstrates a new concept of geological resources, namely geological landscape resources. It is considered that the peaks, caves, beautiful waters, special stone scenes, structural features, paleontological relics and even geological disaster relics formed in the geological process are mostly of resource nature and economic development value. Geological landscape is an extremely important tourism resource and the foundation of establishing geological parks. Systematic classification of geological landscape resources, establishment of evaluation system, formulation of planning, scientific explanation scheme and protection measures have become the core contents of tourism geoscience research. As a result, many so-called "entering wasteland", which was considered to have no metallogenic value in the past, have become valuable resources for people's sightseeing, leisure, knowledge and beauty. When using geological landscape resources, it is not necessary to move its position or change its original physical and chemical properties. As long as the necessary sightseeing facilities are set up, it can be used permanently, and it is described as an "inexhaustible gold mine". The new view of landscape resources is a great contribution of tourism geoscience.
2. The service field of geological work has been greatly expanded in practice.
For the first time in the history of geological work, the general survey of geological landscape resources (geological relics) was included in the geological survey project, and the protection of geological relics and the management of geological parks were included in the work tasks of the Ministry of Land and Resources for the first time. In addition to finding mineral resources that meet people's material needs, geological work can also be extended to finding and evaluating geological landscape tourism resources that meet people's spiritual needs, so that land geological work can serve the construction of two civilizations more comprehensively. The establishment of tourism geosciences and geoparks is an important event in the history of geoscience work.
3. The knowledge of earth science has gained unprecedented popularity.
Tourism geoscience focuses on the dissemination of geoscience knowledge, and the establishment of geological parks lists the popularization of geoscience knowledge as a task that must be completed, and clearly stipulates that geological parks must build perfect scientific interpretation facilities. Scientific research must be carried out and the research results must be transformed into popular science books. Geopark is the base for popularizing earth science. According to incomplete statistics, since 2000, there have been 27 Geopark Museums 127, 87 Geopark Popular Science Bases1000, 2 scenic spots1000, more than 5 million popular science books published and 585 popular science activities and academic conferences held. This activity is organized, led, planned, the largest and widest in the history of geological work in China, and will continue to be carried out, which is of milestone significance in the history of geological work.
4. Find a way out for the sustainable development of earth science.
Some people think that the development of a science mainly depends on scientific workers, but it turns out that any subject can only develop continuously if it goes deep into the public. The establishment of tourism geoscience, especially the appearance of geological parks, introduced profound geoscience knowledge to the public and gradually became an important topic for the public to travel around the mountains. Exploring the origin of landscape and the mystery of the formation and evolution of the earth has become the demand of educated youth in the 2 1 century. Because of the influence of geological landscape knowledge, many young people are determined to report to geological colleges. Tourism geoscience and geological parks have opened up a golden road for the sustainable development of earth science.
5. Tourism geosciences and geoparks have become the pillars of tourism development in China.
Tourism geoscience theory has become the main factor guiding the development of tourism in China and China to enter the era of scientific tourism, and the emergence of geological parks has become an important symbol of China's entry into the era of scientific tourism. Tourism geoscientists are the backbone to support China's tourism planning, tourism product design and provide tourism policy consultation. Earth science is the frontier of all disciplines that serve the tourism industry, and has become the pillar of developing China's tourism industry.
To sum up, the establishment of tourism geoscience and national geopark system is a major event in the history of geosciences, a milestone in the history of geosciences, a symbol and milestone for China to enter the era of scientific tourism, and a milestone in the history of garden construction in China. Tourism geoscience rises in the tide of vigorous development of tourism in China and grows in the sustainable development of tourism. It is the product of all geosciences serving the tourism industry and the product of historical opportunities. Although it has been 25 years, it is still a young subject, which needs to be developed and improved urgently. Looking back on 25 years, the achievements are gratifying, and looking forward to the future, there is a long way to go and a bright future.
refer to
[1] Chen Anze, Lu,, et al. Introduction to tourism geology. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 199 1.
[2] Chen Anze. The birth of tourism geoscience and the tasks it faces. See: Travel Magazine Supplement. Travel periodical supplement magazine, 1988.
[3] Chen Anze. Progress of tourism geoscience in tourism development. See: China Regional Geology Supplement. China Regional Geological Editorial Department, 1994.
[4] Chen Anze. 20 years of pioneering and innovation in tourism geoscience-in commemoration of the 20 th anniversary of the establishment of tourism geoscience research association. Journal of Tourism, 2006,4 (21): 71~ 77.
[5] Chen Anze. On the geological landscape of China. See: Essays on Tourism Geology (Part V). Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1988, 1 10 ~ 144.
[6] Chen Anze. On China National Geopark. See: Essays on Tourism Geology (Episode 9). Beijing: China Forestry Press, 2003.
[7] Chen Anze,, Li,. Present situation and prospect of China National Geopark. See: Green Paper on Tourism. Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2003.