First of all, can dialectics of nature include all the natural views of Marxist philosophy, that is, can it include dialectical and materialistic natural views of Marxist philosophy? This problem is worth studying. In my opinion, the long-standing dialectics is a branch of Marxist dialectics philosophy, and it cannot be generally said to be a branch of dialectical materialism philosophy. I think the view of nature of Marxist dialectical materialism philosophy includes two parts: dialectics of nature and materialist view of nature. Secondly, can dialectics of thinking summarize the basis of Marxist epistemology? I think the epistemology of Marxist philosophy includes the materialism of epistemology (materialist reflection theory) and the dialectics of epistemology (or dialectics of thinking or dialectical logic). In Lenin's criticism of materialism and empiricism, where did Comrade Mao Zedong's theory of practice and his correct thought about man come from? "and other works, all from materialism and address defense methods to comprehensively discuss Marxist philosophical epistemology. Lenin said that dialectics, epistemology and logic are the same thing. This can never be understood as? An identical me. We know that dialectics includes objective dialectics and subjective dialectics (cognitive dialectics), and epistemology includes cognitive materialism and cognitive dialectics (dialectical logic). Lenin said that the three are the same, they are the same in dialectics, and they are the same in differences, which means that all three are subject to the same dialectical law. The laws of objective dialectics and subjective dialectics are the same in essence, but different in form. The former determines the latter and the latter reflects the former. Third, is historical dialectics a historical materialism? As we all know, there is historical dialectics in Hegel's philosophical system, but can we say that there is historical materialism in Hegel's philosophical system? Obviously different. Engels pointed out: "Hegel's way of thinking is different from all other philosophers, that is, his way of thinking is based on a great sense of history." "Although the form is so abstract and idealized, his ideological development has always been closely parallel to the development of world history, and the latter only verifies the former according to his original intention." Hegel thinks that the development of history is a dialectical process, but his view of history is idealistic. The historical view of Marxist philosophy is not only dialectical, but also materialistic. Therefore, Marxist dialectical materialism view of history should include two parts-historical materialism and historical dialectics. Therefore, it cannot be said that historical dialectics is historical materialism. However, on the other hand, it can also be said that historical materialism includes historical materialism and historical dialectics. Engels pointed out: "If I use the name' historical materialism', like many other languages, I use English to express a view on the historical process. This view holds that the ultimate cause and great motivation of all important historical events are the changes in social and economic development, production methods and exchange methods, which lead to the division of society into different classes and the struggle between these classes, then even decent people in Britain will not be too shocked." Therefore, it is inappropriate to divide dialectical materialism philosophy into three branches: dialectics of nature, dialectics of thinking and dialectics of history. I think the philosophical system of Marxism is dialectical materialism. The system of dialectical materialism consists of two parts, the first part is dialectical materialism, and the second part is materialist dialectics. Each big part is divided into small blue parts. Dialectical materialism is divided into materialistic view of nature, materialistic view of history and materialistic understanding. Materialist argumentation methods are divided into natural dialectics, historical argumentation methods and thinking dialectics. These six parts can also be synthesized into three branches according to the object, that is, the materialist view of nature is combined with dialectics of nature, which is called materialist view of nature; The combination of historical materialism and historical dialectics is called dialectical historical materialism; Combining materialist epistemology with dialectics of cognition is called dialectical materialist epistemology. Therefore, dialectical materialism philosophy can be divided into two parts according to its characteristics and three branches according to its research objects. This division is based on the characteristics and research objects of Taoist philosophy. Column+Image Marxist philosophy is a science that studies the general laws of objective nature, human society and human thinking development. The general laws and principles revealed by Marxist philosophy should be rigid and adaptable to nature, human society and human thinking. The main feature of philosophy is that it is a relatively complete world outlook as soon as it comes into being, that is to say, it gives people a general view of the world around them, which boils down to two questions: one is what is the nature of the world? Is the essence of the world material or spiritual? What are the origins of various concrete phenomena in the world? Different answers to this question constitute two camps of materialism and idealism. The big question this month is how is the world? Is it moving or stationary? Is it full of contradictions? What is the driving force for the development of things? Different answers to this question constitute a dispute between dialectics and metaphysics. Before Marxist philosophy, philosophers of various schools gave different answers to these two kinds of questions. Some are correct, some are wrong, some are correct in this second question, and some are wrong in another question. Only dialectical materialism philosophy can answer two kinds of questions scientifically and comprehensively. Marxist dialectical materialism scientifically answered the first kind of questions; Marxist materialist dialectics scientifically answers the second kind of questions. In Marxist philosophy, materialism and dialectics are organically combined. Marxist philosophical materialism is not only fundamentally opposed to idealism, but also different from ancient naive materialism and modern metaphysical materialism, and it is dialectical materialism organically combined with dialectics. Marxist dialectics fundamentally opposes metaphysics and Hegel's idealistic dialectics. It is materialist dialectics, which is organically combined with materialism. In Marxist philosophy, materialism is inseparable from dialectics. Applying dialectics to materialism can transform old materialism and make it have modern scientific form; Similarly, by transforming dialectics with materialism, we can create the highest and only scientific form of dialectics-materialist dialectics, that is, Marxist dialectics. According to the above reasons, the philosophical system of Marxist dialectical materialism can be divided into two parts: dialectical materialism and materialist dialectics. Of course, we can't understand the Marxist philosophy system as the mechanical combination or "welding" of these two blocks. They are organically integrated and a complete system. Marx's philosophical materialism and dialectics run through all the components of their theory, and they are linked by a unified and rigorous world outlook. It is both materialistic and dialectical to apply Marx's dialectical materialism philosophy to the study of nature, society and human thinking. According to this reason, the two blocks of Marxist dialectical materialism philosophy are divided into six small parts and three branches. The reason why Marx's philosophy has inherent rigor, integrity, strict logic and thoroughness is that its various components adopt a unified method and a unified world outlook. Only by calling Marxist philosophy system dialectical materialism can we maintain the integrity, scientificity and thoroughness of Marxist philosophy. The first piece of dialectical materialism philosophy is dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism is a complete and thorough materialism and the highest form of materialism development. Materialist philosophy before Marxism has the shortcomings of incompleteness, incompleteness and one-sidedness. The incompleteness and incompleteness of materialistic philosophy before Marxism is manifested in the fact that materialistic philosophy cannot be implemented in the field of social history, and it is only half materialism. The one-sided shortcomings of materialist philosophy before Marxism are mainly mechanical and metaphysical. Therefore, the view of nature and epistemology of the old materialism cannot be complete materialism. Although the old materialism acknowledged the materiality of nature, it regarded nature as the sum of unchangeable things, so it could not perfectly and scientifically explain the unity of the world, the regular connection and transformation between the inorganic world and the organic world, the emergence of consciousness and many other issues of great significance to the scientific world outlook. The epistemology of the old materialism is the theory of reflection, which recognizes that consciousness is a reflection of matter, but it is a mechanical and intuitive theory of reflection. Old materialism does not understand the position and function of practice in cognition and dialectics, so the epistemology of old materialism is not the reflection theory of power revolution. Marxist dialectical materialism is a thorough, complete and scientific materialism, which includes materialistic view of nature, materialistic epistemology and materialistic view of history. These three elements are an inseparable organic whole in the Marxist materialist philosophy system, and any part of them will undermine the integrity of the Marxist materialist philosophy system. Imagine that if you take out the historical materialism, it is not Marxist dialectical materialism, but mechanical and metaphysical materialism. The integrity and thoroughness of Marxist materialist philosophy system lies in the implementation of materialist viewpoint in the social and historical field. Lenin pointed out: "Marx realized the incompleteness, incompleteness and one-sidedness of the old materialism, so he was convinced that it was necessary to' coordinate the science about society with the foundation of materialism and transform it on this basis'. Because materialism always uses existence to explain consciousness instead of the other way around, to apply materialism to human social life, we must use social existence to explain social consciousness. " In the Preface to Critique of Political Economy, Marx made a general and scientific explanation on the application of materialist principles to human society and human social history. Marx and Engels observed the world and human beings from a materialistic point of view and found that all phenomena in nature are based on material reasons. Similarly, the development of human society is also determined by the development of southern material forces, that is, productive forces. " Marx and Engels extended the materialist understanding of nature to the understanding of human society, and founded the historical materialism, which is the greatest achievement of scientific thought. Without an accurate understanding of the most general laws of social development, it is impossible to have a complete and scientific world outlook. Materialism, as a philosophical world outlook, is still incomplete until it is popularized to understand human society, and it cannot give a unified explanation to the whole world. Marx and Engels solved this task, thus establishing a complete materialist theory. To sum up, with the establishment of historical materialism, a complete and modern materialistic worldview including both nature and electricity has been established for the first time. Another manifestation of the thoroughness of Marxist philosophical materialism is to insist on practice first in epistemology. In the system of Marxist materialist philosophy, material comes first and practice comes first, and they are also internally related. Only by thoroughly adhering to the material first can we adhere to the practice first. The practice we are talking about is not a subjective conceptual activity, but a perceptual material activity that subjectively sees the objective and transforms the objective world. Ignoring practice without materialism first is not a Marxist view of practice, but a pragmatic view of practice. Similarly, only by putting practice first can we adhere to thorough materialism. Old materialists just think that the view that they don't know how to practice is the most important basic view in epistemology, so their materialism can't be thorough, and their epistemology can't be the reflection of the dynamic revolution. Before Marx's materialism, it was precisely because he did not understand the dependence of cognition on social practice and ugliness on production struggle and class struggle that he could not understand the law of human sociality and historical development. The second block of Mamie's philosophy is materialist dialectics, which also includes three parts: dialectics of nature, dialectics of history and dialectics of thinking. This is a controversial work, which still develops Marxist philosophy in many aspects. The book clearly stipulates that from things to feelings and thoughts, or from thoughts and feelings to things, are two basic cognitive routes; It also defines the philosophical category "matter" classically, investigates the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness, and reveals the opposition between materialism and idealism on the issue of experience. The book puts forward three important conclusions of dialectical materialism epistemology: ① things exist objectively and do not depend on our consciousness; (2) There is no principle difference between phenomena and things themselves, and the difference only exists between the known and the unknown; ③ In epistemology, we should think dialectically, that is, analyze how to move from ignorance to knowledge, and from incomplete and inaccurate knowledge to relatively complete and accurate knowledge. This book expounds the true theory of dialectical materialism, demonstrates the objectivity of truth, demonstrates the dialectical relationship between absolute truth and relative truth, and demonstrates that the viewpoint of life and practice is the primary and basic viewpoint of epistemology. On all these issues, the work not only adheres to the materialism of epistemology, but also carries out the dialectics of epistemology. Later, Lenin further developed these ideas in Notes on Philosophy. The book also clearly and completely puts forward the principle of party spirit in philosophy, pointing out that philosophy is party spirit, and materialism and idealism are two schools of philosophy that are struggling. In the final analysis, it shows the tendency and ideological system of hostile classes in modern society. This book gives a philosophical summary of the new discoveries in physics at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, including the discoveries of electrons, roentgen rays, Becquerel rays and radioactive element radium. It criticizes the main argument of "physical" idealism: "matter disappears", imagines that there is no movement of matter, and regards scientific laws and principles as symbols of human subjective creation. The book points out that the mathematicization of physics and the principle of relativity of cognition are the epistemological roots of "physics" idealism; Getting rid of idealism and improving from metaphysical materialism to dialectical materialism is the direction of the healthy development of natural science. The book also points out that dialectical materialism and historical materialism are an inseparable whole, and refutes historical idealism theories such as the theory of "equivalence" between social existence and social consciousness and the theory of "meritocracy" in society with the basic principles of historical materialism. This book strongly criticized Mahism, a typical representative of the most influential positivism in modern western philosophy, shattered the attacks of the Second International revisionists and Russian Mahism on Marxist philosophy, and laid a solid ideological foundation for the Bolshevik Party. It is an important work representing Lenin's philosophical thought, and it is also one of the classic works for studying and studying dialectical materialism epistemology.