Lead: Traditional Zheng music can be divided into North and South schools, but it can still be further distinguished, such as Henan Zheng, Shandong Zheng, Chaozhou Zheng, Hakka Zheng and Zhejiang Zheng. These are the five schools of Han Zheng music. Let me talk about the characteristics of various guzheng schools. Let's take a look!
On the characteristics of various guzheng schools 1, Henan guzheng;
"Parting should ring" is like the character and language of Henan people, loud and rough, lively and humorous. Of course, this refers to the general style. The performance of Henan Zheng has a great feature, which is consistent with this style, that is, the right hand starts from the place near the Qin code and flows to the place near the Moon Mountain, while the left hand shakes badly, making the music performance very dramatic and effective. In Zheng, Henan, this skill is called "wandering".
Zheng Can's plays can be said to come directly from folk rap music and opera music. Henan Quzi is a folk rap music with a long history, which declined after the Qing Dynasty. Only Nanming area is still very prosperous, so it is also called Nanyang Guzi Qu. Its important components are "beat music" with lyrics and "bantou music" with pure instrumental music, which appear as important accompaniment instruments, but also play independently without rap. In the past, when artists met, they often played an Bantou song to know each other, and changed their names to "Mountains and Waters". This may be related to the story that Zhong Zi and Yu Boya became bosom friends. Today, a large number of traditional songs in Henan are of this kind, which is often referred to as "Zhongzhou Ancient Songs", such as Crying Zhou Yu and Su Wu Homesickness.
In Henan Quzi, some short Qupai gradually formed a division of roles in the process of circulation, and the form of "minor Quzi" that can be performed on stage became today's famous drama "Henan Quju". Minor music was relatively simple at first, but with the development of melody, Zheng played an important role in accompaniment and gradually formed its own personality in performance. The combination of the two forms its unique musical beauty and gives people attraction.
2. Shandong Zheng:
Shandong and Henan are adjacent, and there are many similarities in language and customs. Shandong Zheng also has a long history. For example, it is recorded in Qi Ce of the Warring States Policy that "Linzi is rich and practical, and everyone plays, builds and plays the Zheng." So many people call Shandong people Zheng Qiqin. Today, many preserved Shandong Zheng songs are from Shandong, some of which appeared as prelude, similar to Bantou in Henan, with 68 "big banqu", such as Autumn Moon in Han Palace. In addition, there are Qupai and Qupai evolved from Qin Shu, Shandong Province, such as Fengxiang Song.
Shandong Zheng used to use fifteen strings, with seven old strings outside and eight strings inside, commonly known as "seven old Eight Little". When playing, the big finger is used frequently and the keys are strong, that is, the "flower finger" is also played with the big finger connected with the "grip", and the lower flower finger is more, and the left hand is hard and soft, which is deep and sonorous, just like the Shandong people.
3. Chaozhou Zheng:
In Guangdong, there is a very famous music-Chao music. With the footsteps of Chaoshan people, Chaozhou Zheng and Chaozhou music have gained wide popularity. From Chinese mainland to many overseas regions, we can hear this kind of music with southern sentiment and color.
Chaozhou Zheng, like Chaozhou music, has several tones such as "emphasizing six" and "ignoring six". To sum up, it is actually the change of the left-handed tone when playing the piano, thus achieving the combination of several scales and modes. Moreover, the melody is also different from the twelve average laws and folk music in other places. Chaoshan dialect is relatively peaceful, and Chaozhou Zheng is quiet and euphemistic with little rhythm. The ups and downs of the slide are delicate and subtle, mainly. Most of the left hand is rubbed and polished, which is what Chaozhou musicians call "breaking heels". The use of this technique, coupled with the frequent use of "drawing strings" and adding flowers, has formed a smooth, gorgeous and gentle school of Chaozhou Zheng.
Generally speaking, in Chaozhou Zheng, the mode of "light six" is more lively; "Heavy Six" is more affectionate and solemn; "Huowu" tone has the characteristics of six tones, the expression is sad and lingering, and the "contrast" tone is relaxed and lively; There are also "light 36" tunes, such as "Liu Qingniang" and "Swimming in Western Western jackdaw", all of which are representative works of Chaozhou Zheng.
4. Hakka Zheng:
Hakka Zheng is also a famous school in Guangdong, and the Zheng music in Hakka music system is also called Zhongzhou Ancient Music. Among many schools of Zheng in China, it is famous for its simplicity and elegance. It originated in Tai Po, Meixian County, Guangdong Province.
Hakka Zheng music is an ensemble form of "silk string" in Hakka music, which has been enriched, enriched and developed by Hakka Zheng people in past dynasties and refined into a solo form. Generally speaking, when playing each piece of music, the relatively free slow speed is adopted at the beginning. After turning to normal speed, gradually accelerate and then slowly end. The repetition times of music are relatively free. Hakka Zheng music also attaches great importance to the "disc number" of music, which is often classified by disc number. Generally, the music of 68-board is called major, which is consistent with Henan Bantou. Of course, from the phonological point of view, it is not as high-pitched as Henan Zheng, which thinks it is simple and beautiful, elegant and generous, and Hakka Zheng highlights the rich and varied left-handed sliding sound.
Because the traditional Hakka guzheng is made of metal strings, it can not only recite the strings freely, but also create conditions for the extension and "rhyme". The Hakka Zheng in past dynasties took advantage of this rich and changeable condition of left-handed sliding sound to form its unique and elegant characteristics, which are more profound and profound than many other art schools and other songs, mainly in the following aspects: sliding sound on the top, sliding sound on the bottom, and prolonging beat per minute.
Therefore, Hakka Zheng music can not only train the left hand, but also test its basic skills and exercise the left hand better.
5. Zhejiang Zheng:
Popular in Zhejiang and Jiangsu. Bai Juyi, also known as Wulin Zheng, is a famous great poet and an excellent music critic. When he was an official in Hangzhou and Suzhou, he wrote many poems listening to Zheng. According to modern data, it has a close relationship with the popular rap music "Shanghai beach Zheng" in the past, and gradually formed a distinctive "four points" and playing techniques. Technically, there are some characteristics of other Zheng schools, but they are not as prominent as Zhejiang Zheng, which obviously forms the performance characteristics and has a special name. The application of "four points" technique in Zhejiang Zheng music often gives people a lively and lively feeling, and it is also often used in some modern Zheng music.
Another feature is the use of fingering, which is played by the slight shaking of the big finger, and its effect is very similar to that of the bowstring instrument longbow. Strictly speaking, this is not available in the traditional Zheng of other schools, because the fingering or fingering referred to by other schools actually uses the big finger as a relatively quick support, while the fingering of Zhejiang Zheng
For example, the song "Mountains and Streams" was widely circulated all over the country, but it was first circulated in Zhejiang, and it was also an important piece of music by Zhejiang Zheng people when it was circulated. This is a freehand brushwork, which can be related to the stories of Yu Boya and Zhong Ziqi, but it is not considered that the music itself describes this famous music story.
In recent years, the performance art of Zheng has made great progress, and many experiments have been carried out on the reform of Zheng, resulting in many kinds of high-quality and exquisite Zheng (such as Sichuan Zheng, Shanghai Zheng and Suzhou Zheng). There are also many attempts on the modulation of Zheng, and several kinds of modulation Zheng have been reformed (such as Yingkou Nervous Zheng, Shenyang Conservatory of Music, Suzhou String-cutting and Butterfly-changing Zheng, etc. ). The adaptation of these Zheng songs expands the expression of Zheng songs and makes it easier for Zheng songs to participate in ensemble and accompaniment.
To trace back to the oldest and most national musical instruments in China, they belong to guqin and guzheng. Only these two musical instruments have continued since ancient times. However, the development of guqin is relatively slow, and the notation is still relatively old. Some people tried to change the old music score into a staff, but it was inconvenient to play, so the development was slow. However, after several generations of old artists' reform, development and inheritance, guzheng has developed rapidly, such as many now.
In ancient times, it didn't exist before. It is a breakthrough in the long-term research and performance of generations of guzheng players. For example, twisting fingers means that the nail plate of the right thumb is naturally held in the hand, and the wrist under the thumb is supported by the index finger to swing back and forth quickly. Twisting fingers means that twisting fingers is only one or two dots. Many new technologies were invented, which made the guzheng art break through again and again.
When it comes to the development of techniques, we can't help but mention the development of its "sound" On the ordinary 2 1 string guzheng, five-tone precious strings are generally used, and there are no seven-tone sounds and no various changes. It can even play all seven notes, even chords and chords of various degrees. Most of these changes are impossible in traditional guzheng music, but harmony is a feature of playing guzheng.
From traditional Zheng to modern Zheng, harmony is widely used, which means that two fingers sound at the same time. For example, when playing, play a low octave below the melody, thus forming harmony, which not only increases the volume, but also increases the depth. Besides octaves, there are also fifth, fourth and third harmonies. In addition, a sound pattern can be attached to the octave, such as this. As far as the range changes are concerned, tone modulation is rarely used. It is more convenient to change the original D key into G key (subordination), A key (subordination) and C key, but modern Zheng uses E key, F key and bB key, which are also completed by mode.
Moreover, the score of modern Zheng has made great progress compared with the past, and many modern songs will be adapted from folk rap music and traditional opera music. But in addition to these, there are more new songs conceived and created by professional composers, which makes the art of guzheng performance not only stay in the adaptation of folk music, but also make a great leap. For example, Legacy of Lin 'an in modern music broke through Zheng's solo and ensemble.
China's folk music has a long history and is an inseparable part of China's culture and art. As a member of the world's folk music forest, I think China music also needs to absorb the strengths of other music to gain new vitality, and China music also needs advanced technical means to develop.
To sum up, this paper expounds the origin, evolution and characteristics of the main schools of guzheng, and explains the maturity and development of guzheng music in China. Guzheng music in various regions is related to local operas, rap and folk music, and so it is. This ancient musical instrument can continue to spread in a wider area, and the formation and development of various schools of Zheng music are inseparable from external influences and exchanges. It is precisely because of this that Zheng has been handed down, and the formation and development of various schools of Zheng music are inseparable from the influence and spread of the outside world, which also makes the schools of Zheng music so vivid and colorful.
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