The biggest feature of cave architecture is that it is warm in winter and cool in summer. The traditional cave space looks like a circular arch. Although it is very common, but in the case of monotonous loess as the background, the arc is more light and lively. This form originated from nature not only embodies the concept of circular place in traditional thought, but more importantly, the high circular arch and high windows at the entrance can further penetrate into the cave in winter (see figure). My tutor, Mr. Liu Jiaping, once commented on cave architecture: the cave is warm in winter and cool in summer, comfortable and energy-saving, while the traditional space is full of harmony with nature, and the simple appearance is also unique in architectural aesthetics.
"Architecture is solidified music, and music is flowing architecture." As a kind of earth building in underground space, cave dwelling is very different from ordinary buildings in its architectural artistic characteristics. Cave architecture is a series of combinations. The carrier of cave dwelling is courtyard, the carrier of courtyard is village, and the carrier of village is mountain or Sichuan or primitive loess nature. Therefore, this kind of architectural plastic art is marked with the word "kiln" from the overall beauty of cave settlement to the micro-detail decoration beauty.
The "pastoral scenery" interest of cave villages lies in turning dull monotony into magic under the desolate and magnificent background. Credit of Loess Gully: See if there are any exposed building communities (villages) near the cliff cave in Guliangmao District, which makes people feel with the gradual beauty. Or in the courtyard as a unit, or in rows and columns, with the change of terrain, the peaks are embedded in the mountains in groups, piles and lines, forming a stepped space in composition, giving people a magnificent feeling. The Yichuan County Records of the Republic of China said that during the Anti-Japanese War, Dongxing Town in Yidong was "a cave on a cliff, with three or four layers of caves overlapping on both sides of the ditch by the slope." At night, the kiln lights are bright and look like a western-style building from a distance. At one time, everyone compared it to Shanghai Sima Luyun. "The air defense function of this stepped hole and the subjective feeling of the night scene are vividly written.
Distribution of cave porcelain
The appearance of northern Shaanxi pit
China is a country with widespread kiln sites, from Turpan and Kashgar in Xinjiang, Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Pingliang, Qingyang and Gannan in Gansu, Yinchuan and Guyuan in Ningxia, Ganxian and Yan 'an in Shaanxi, Linfen, Fushan, Pinglu and Taiyuan in Shanxi, Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Gongxian in Henan, Longyan and Yongding in Fujian and Meixian in Guangdong.
Shaanxi caves are mainly distributed in northern Shaanxi, referring to caves in Yan 'an and Yulin of Shaanxi Province. Built along the mountain and underground of the Loess Plateau, it is a cave form in natural loess. Because of its advantages of being warm in winter and cool in summer, not destroying ecology, not occupying fertile land and saving money, it is widely used by local people. There are many kinds of caves in northern Shaanxi, including back mountain earth kiln, crevice earth kiln and flat stone kiln. In general, there are mostly brick kilns in cities, and most of them are earthen kilns or stone earthen kilns in rural areas. The main forms are pit kiln, cliff kiln and closed kiln.
According to preliminary statistics, since liberation, the total number of people living in kilns in China has reached 1. 1 100 million, and there are as many as 40 million people who still adopt kiln method. Its distribution area is mainly in the economically underdeveloped central and western regions. Many poor households live in dilapidated earthen kilns. Due to natural disasters such as rainstorm, flood, landslide and debris flow, cave houses have collapsed or are on the verge of collapse, and people living in caves are in danger at any time.
Cave dwellings. Classification and introduction
The cave is two feet wide, warm in winter and cool in summer. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi can be roughly divided into three categories: earth caves, stone caves and brick caves. Based on the characteristics of loess, caves built by digging holes and building houses are called earth caves, which are generally 7-8 meters deep, more than 3 meters high and about 3 meters wide, and the deepest part can reach 20 meters. The cave is a stone arch with a depth of 7-9 meters and a width and height of about 3 meters. Brick kiln has the same style and construction method as the cave, and its appearance is beautiful. In addition, there is an interface cave, which is between the earth cave and the stone brick cave. Generally, a large hole is opened in front of the earth hole, and a brick or brick kiln surface is added, which looks like a stone hole or a brick hole.
Cave excavation method
Internal structure of pit
Ancient caves belong to earth buildings in architecture, which are characterized by harmonious coexistence between man and nature, simple and easy maintenance, material saving, durability, warm in winter and cool in summer. But is his digging really as simple as we thought?
Although in recent years, with the continuous development of economy, more people abandon kilns and fewer people build kilns, we can find that the width of single-hole caves is generally between 3.3 and 3.7 meters, the height is between 3.7 and 4 meters, and the intersection is between 0.3 and 0.4 meters. Depth1.7m to1.9m, horizontal pile height1.8m to 2m, arch height1.7m to1.8m.
Although I didn't have the honor to see the cave construction process, I saw the cave being built and learned that modern caves were basically transformed on the basis of ancestors. We know their excavation methods from their workshops and materials.
The first is to dig the foundation: after the cave orientation is determined, start digging the foundation. The foundation of a cave is the type of cave you dug first. If there is a ditch in front of the door, you can dig up the soil and push it into the ditch with a shelf car, which is convenient and labor-saving. If you want to dig pits, poor families or terrain are not conducive to mechanized construction, you must rely entirely on manpower to lift baskets one by one, which is very hard. In the past, when people built Zhuangzi, they only used the slack season and rainy days to dig and transport dirt, and moved it from dawn to dusk. During the squeezing time before and after meals, you can bear the weight once, the skin on your shoulders peels off again and again, and the cocoons on your hands grind up layer by layer; Often young and old are not idle; This generation can't finish it, and the next generation will continue to do it. After digging the general shape of the foundation, the surface must be trimmed and leveled, which is called "cliff scraping surface" by locals. If the scraper has good eyesight, skill, hand strength and strength, it can scrape wonderful patterns on the loess.
The second is to hit the cave. After digging the foundation and scraping the cliff surface, the kiln was opened. Kiln drilling is to dig out the shape of the hole and carry the soil away. You can't rush into the cave, because the soil is full of water and it is easy to collapse. After the cave is completed, there will be a submerged kiln, or a "pick kiln" or a "grinding kiln". Pick out the arch from the top of the kiln and scrape the edge of the kiln, so that the kiln is completed. When the cave is dry, the mud kiln is made of loess, chopped wheat straw and soil. The mud in the mud kiln is only reinforced with dry soil, and the plane made of mud is smooth and flat. Wet soil and muddy adhesion are not easy to use. The mud kiln has at least two layers of mud, one layer of coarse mud, one layer of fine mud and three layers of mud. If you live for a long time in the future, the kiln wall will be black and muddy again.
The third step is to tie gables and install doors and windows. After the kiln mud is finished, the gables, doors and windows are tied with earth pendants. Generally, the high window is installed on the door, and the low window is installed side by side with the door, with one door and two windows. A kang stands by the window inside the door, and a chimney stands by the wall outside the door. The kang by the window is for smoking quickly, which is beneficial to the cave environment and health. It is also good for women to do needlework on the hot kang.
After these steps of excavation and arrangement, the cave is basically dug.
The caves dug by people have unique life value and cultural connotation. It is stronger and more durable. There are hundreds or even thousands of caves in the local area. It is also circulated among the people: there are caves that don't leak for a hundred years and houses that don't leak for a hundred years. "
The vault structure of the cave conforms to the mechanical principle, and the roof pressure is divided into two parts, which are divided into two sides, with stable center of gravity, balanced components and strong stability. In order to live in peace of mind, wooden burdens are often used to support the kiln roof in caves. After several generations, through thick and thin, it has changed hands several times, and it has not lost its residential value.
However, with the development of economy, more and more caves are abandoned and few caves are excavated. This mining method will become less and less known and has become a trend. But I still hope that when these caves exist and someone digs them, I will keep some materials. I hope this spirit can be passed on, so that we China people can understand and love our culture.
Cave dwellings. Species introduction
Longdong Loess Plateau is the deepest loess place in the world, and Qingyang is located in the typical Longdong Loess Plateau, where there are the most densely populated caves. Dense layers of caves, row upon row, are described as: like caves in the clouds, like pearls embedded in the Loess Plateau.
By the Zhou Dynasty, earth caves were all over the valley. The Book of Songs called it "Fu Tao Tao Cave". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the types of caves increased and the division of labor among caves was clear. There are dark villages, bright villages and quadrangular villages. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, small castles appeared, and a group of caves or heatable adobe sleeping platforms were enclosed with tall earth walls to defend against the chaos of war, commonly known as fortresses.
In the cave construction of Mars Manor, the village surface is generally 9 meters high and 17 to 23 meters long. Scrape the shovel head into patterns such as water waves, and dig three to five holes in the front. Depending on the terrain, you can also dig one or three holes in the side. The front soil is flat, generally walls are built on three sides, and gates and gatehouses are built. Cave dwellings are generally four meters high, eight to ten feet wide and three feet deep. The main cave on the front is slightly higher than other caves and serves as the main hall where elders live. Doors and windows are installed on the wall of the kiln mouth, generally three caves or two caves. The window near the kiln top is called skylight. There is a heatable adobe sleeping platform on the back wall of the kiln, which is next to the gable and the kiln wall, leaving a heatable adobe sleeping platform entrance. "Burning firewood ignites the adobe sleeping platform to make the kiln warm, and the main kiln sits on the adobe sleeping platform, which is pleasant." Generally, cave buildings follow the same direction as mountains, avoiding wet and dry, low and high, and avoiding shade and sunny.
There are many kinds of caves in Qingyang, which can be divided into more than ten kinds, but according to the main categories, there are three kinds, namely, Zhuang Ming kiln, earth pit kiln and hoop kiln.
Zhuang kiln, also known as Yazhuang kiln, is usually located on the side of mountain and ditch. Make use of the cliff potential, first level the cliff surface, and then build a village to dig a kiln. "Fu Tao" in "Fu Tao Cave" refers to Zhuang Ming Kiln, which has three kilns, five kilns and more. There is a 1,000-year-old cave in Waxie Township, Ningxian County, covering an area of 200 square meters, with five windows, which can accommodate hundreds of people. On the plains of Dong Zhiyuan and Cao Shengyuan, there are also people who use hutongs to build villages. Because the cliff is not high, they have to dig a few meters and then dig a kiln, which often forms three sides high and one side low. This kind of Zhuangzi is called half bright and half dark village.
Pit kiln: This kind of kiln is built on a large depression in the plain. First, dig a rectangular pit on the flat ground, which is usually five to eight meters deep, and the four sides of the pit are cut into cliff faces. Then, dig caves around the cliff, while building a long slope diameter or inclined hole, which goes straight to the original surface as a sidewalk. The "Tao Cave" in Fu Tao Tao Cave is such a pit village. This cave is actually a basement, and the characteristics of "warm in winter and cool in summer" are more obvious.
Ring kiln: Generally, the ring kiln is built with soil embryo and wheat straw yellow mud, and the top of the kiln is arched. The top of the kiln is filled with double slopes, polished with wheat straw mud, and pressed with short rafters before and after. Rich people also cover the ceiling with blue tiles, which looks like a studio from a distance and a kiln from a distance. A cave with a rectangular or square stone hoop is called a stone hoop kiln.
There are many kinds of caves in Qingyang according to their uses. In "Zhuangzi", a hole is dug in the upper small kiln between the main kiln and the cliff, and the steps are built, which can be overlooked and used for theft prevention. It is called a high kiln. Dig a small cave on one side of the kiln, which is mostly used to store valuables or food. It is called rotary kiln. Dwellings have different names for different purposes, such as guest house kiln, stove kiln, sheep kiln, middle kiln, firewood kiln, grain kiln, well kiln, grinding kiln, car kiln and so on.
Brief introduction of cave style
There are four types of caves in Jiang's manor:
Top door and window kiln
After the foundation is completed, open a rectangular soil mouth with a height of 3 meters and a width of 0.7 meters, arch it after 1 ~ 2 meters, and hollow it out for about three or four meters. Leave a heatable adobe sleeping platform, and dig kang holes and smoke holes. After drying naturally, install a 0.7-meter-square window and door below, so that you can live after the hemp paper is pasted, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. But the light is too dim, the mud is burnt, and it doesn't look good.
Large doors and windows Shi Yao
Arched caves about 3.4 meters high and 3 to 3.5 meters wide are made of pure stone, mostly 6 to 10 meters deep. The kang is sold separately, and the form comes with it. There are high and low specifications of "eight-foot pot and two-foot kang". "Dog kennels, lying dogs, smoke holes become fights, smoke comes out of one cuff, and the wind blows like thunder." This is the standard of smoke hole. This kind of cave Daimon Masaru window is durable and has good lighting. There are many five-guarantee townships. The quality of the material and facade mainly depends on the thickness of the chisel surface. Before liberation, the rich were more than one inch and three feet, and the extremely rich went up to Matoushi, built the eaves of the mansion and exposed the pillars. Poor people can hammer subjects with four strokes, even if there is the word "person" on the wall. There are the most stone kilns in Songjiatiao Village in the county. There are genius stones in Songjiachuan, Nanshan and Zhuanyao Mountain, which are naturally glistening. You don't need to chisel them, just chisel them four times. Doors and windows are mainly flat beams, with semi-circular top and square doors and windows below. There are two kinds of doors: single and double.
Earth kiln with large door-window interface
There is a lot of rubber soil along the Yellow River, which is hard and oily, so it is easy to take stones. Shovel off the cliff surface first, leaving the soil tree. It is connected with a stone kiln mouth about 1.7 meters deep, and the size is the same as that of a pure stone kiln. In the dead of winter, after watering the last tree, keep up with the direction, height and width of the hole and leave the heatable adobe sleeping platform. The depth is arbitrary, depending on the quality of soil and population. The shallow kiln is a supporting kang, and the deep kiln is a box kang. Three kang caves lead directly to the chimney and are connected with the stove chamber. The quality of face stone is very different from that of face stone. Generally speaking, soil holes should be tied with ropes to prevent the soil from cracking and collapsing. Wipe the wheat straw mud several times, then wipe it with wheat skin soft mud again, and then you can live after drying. Now the interior is mostly painted with lime or chalk. This kind of cave is mixed with earth and stone, resistant to wind and rain erosion, warm in winter and cool in summer, mild in February and August, better than pure stone kiln, and is mostly loved by farmers. Experts also believe that the room temperature of earth caves in mountainous areas is moderate in winter and summer, which is beneficial to people's health, so the long-lived elderly are mostly in mountainous areas. But if you want red soil and mountains, Huang Tu Mountain must not collapse.
Large door and window mud kiln
In the past, it was not easy to take stones from the three tablelands in Wubao, and no holes could be made in the loess. In the past, wheat straw soil was mixed with water into a blank, dried and circled in a kiln. This kind of cave, with pure soil structure, is most afraid of continuous autumn rain. Now it is newly built, mostly masonry structure. The rich people in Wubao pay attention to "quadrangles", or a courtyard with three holes or a courtyard with five holes. Some make box kilns, inverted kilns or stables. Choose to build a gate, commonly known as "the gatehouse". In the old society, the style and decoration of the gatehouse were determined by life experience.
Cave dwelling-farming culture
Qingyang Cave is located on the Loess Plateau in the east of Gansu Province, with a mild climate. It was called North in ancient times and Longdong today. It has a long history, "the prosperity of Zhou Dao began today." This is the birthplace of farming culture in China, and farming culture and folk culture are even more colorful. Qingyang, with a long history, has a rich cultural background after a long period of accumulation. To understand the development of caves, it is necessary to trace back to the ancient farming period. After thousands of years' baptism, the cave dwelling is like a mother, witnessing the changes of dynasties, watching the growth of her land and the development of farming culture, with profound traces of farming culture, and the development of farming culture has also driven her development.
As early as 200,000 years ago, human beings had lived and multiplied in Qingyang. Zhou people attached importance to agriculture. "Geography" has: "His people have their ancestors, good crops, for their own business. Therefore, to say that agriculture, mulberry and grain are well prepared means well prepared. ".Xia Dynasty lost power and influence in Taikang, and only his stepfather Hou Ji. The political chaos in Taikang destroyed agricultural production, so he led his people to Qingyang and settled here. Instead of using his own skills in growing crops, he taught people to harvest crops at sunrise and rest at sunset. The Book of Songs in July depicts the scene of farming at that time.
After three generations, from/kloc-0 to Jutao and Gongliu, Zhou developed agricultural production and created Zhou's splendid culture. In Tongzhi, Gansu, Qingyang people's virtue is that "the grain is abundant, the legacy of their ancestors", and "Fu Tao's way of thinking and living" is their virtue, which provides a guarantee for themselves. The caves inhabited by primitive people are all natural, dark and humid without sunshine, and are often endangered by wild animals, which is very unfavorable to human survival, life is not guaranteed, and is not conducive to development. When Jutao was in power, he was responsible for digging caves. The so-called pottery caves are two kinds of caves dug by Zhou people according to different geographical conditions. Ancient kilns, like pottery, had caves, and people began to dig caves.
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Cave dwellings are generally built on a hillside facing south, facing the sun, facing the mountains and facing the open area, with few trees sheltering them, which is very suitable for living and living. Generally, the caves in the First Hospital are built with 3 holes or 5 holes, with the middle kiln as the main kiln, some divided into front and rear kilns, and some with 1 and 3 openings. From the outside, the four holes need to be opened separately. If you go inside, you can find that they have tunnel-type small doors with semicircular tops, so the space of the caves will increase. The cave walls are generally painted with lime, which looks dazzling, dry and bright. There is a pot and a stove on one side of the cave, and the stove is connected to one end of the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter. On the three walls around the kang, there are usually some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kangwei by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. In order to beautify the living room, many people draw circles on the kang. This is the folk art with a long history in northern Shaanxi-painting outside the kang. The cave windows in northern Shaanxi are exquisite, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cutting. According to the pattern of the window, they decorated the window grilles beautifully and appropriately. The window grilles are pasted outside the window, and the colors are bright from the outside, but the interior is bright and comfortable, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The panes are sparse and sunlight can penetrate freely.
The loess, which is as deep as 100 meters, is extremely difficult to penetrate water and has a strong verticality, which provides a good premise for the development of caves. At the same time, natural conditions such as dry climate, cold winter and less wood also create opportunities for the development and continuation of caves that are warm in winter and cool in summer, very economical and do not need wood. Due to the influence of natural environment, landform and local customs, caves have formed various forms. But judging from the layout and structural form of the building, it can be divided into three forms: leaning on the cliff, sinking and independent.
Cave dwellings in Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi are mixed with cave-style flat-roofed houses. Cave dwelling is an organic combination of natural landscape and life landscape, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land.
Cliff cave
Cliff-leaning caves include mountain-leaning caves and ditch-leaning caves, which are often arranged in curves or broken lines, with harmonious and beautiful architectural artistic effects. When the height of the hillside allows, sometimes several terraced caves are arranged, which are similar to buildings.
Sinking cave
Sinks are underground caves, mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau-areas where there are no slopes and ditch walls to use. The practice of this kind of cave dwelling is: first dig a square pit on the spot, and then go to the cave dwelling with four walls to form a quadrangle. On the flat land, people can only see the treetops of the courtyard, but not the houses.
Independent cave
Independent cave dwelling is a kind of arched house covered with soil, including adobe arch cave dwelling and brick arch cave dwelling. This kind of cave does not need to be close to the mountain and cliff, and it can be independent without losing the advantages of the cave. It can be a single story or a building. If the upper floor is also a hoop kiln, it is called "kiln on kiln"; If the upper floor is a wooden house, it is called a "kiln house".
The cave is fire-proof and sound-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, which saves land, labor and economy. It is indeed a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions.
Cave dwelling house
Cave dwelling is a very old way of living, that is, digging horizontal caves in the loess cliff area as living rooms. Because it has the advantages of simple construction, low cost, warm in winter and cool in summer, no damage to ecology and no occupation of fertile land. Although there are defects in lighting and ventilation, it is still a folk house in the loess area with little rain in the north. According to the construction mode, it can be divided into cliff kiln, flat kiln and closed kiln. Cliff kiln is a cross hole dug by natural earth wall, which can be single-hole or multi-hole, and can also be combined with ground houses to form a courtyard; The flat kiln is also called pit yard, digging yard and dark Zhuangzi. That is, deep pits are dug down on the flat ground to form artificial earth walls, and then caves are dug deep on the earth walls in all directions at the bottom of the pits, which can also be said to be the combination of vertical kiln and horizontal kiln. This kind of cave dwelling is popular in Gongxian, Sanmenxia and Lingbao in Henan, Qingyang in Gansu and Pinglu in Shanxi. Ancient kilns are independent caves built with bricks or adobe on the flat ground by issuing vouchers. Covered with soil, coupons are used as flat-roofed houses for drying grain, which are mostly used in western Shanxi and northern Shaanxi. At present, caves in China are mainly concentrated in five areas, namely Jinzhong, western Henan, Longdong, northern Shaanxi and northwestern Hebei.