Scholars in Qing Dynasty made a breakthrough in their understanding of ancient seals. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Cheng recognized the word "private seal" while playing with friends such as Pan, Zhang Guyu and so on, but he didn't know its age, only thought it was printed before Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhang Tingji began to talk about "ancient seal" in the preface to "Even Seal of Qingyige". The preface said: "There are 466 books, and the seal 12 books ... are official, private and ancient; For copper, for silver and for gold. ..... in order to judge his words, he is not allowed to be limited by the Qin and Han Dynasties. " In the fourteenth year of Tongzhi, Chen Jieqi wrote to Wu Yun, saying, "Zhu Wen bronze seal is like six-nation script, and jade seal is like six-nation calligraphy, which lasted nearly two weeks." Chen Jieqi was the first scholar to determine the relationship between ancient seal script and six languages. He began to compile "Ten Sides of Zhongshan Yinju" in the eleventh year of Tongzhi, and the thirteenth year of Tongzhi was the time for compiling the first draft. It can be seen that it is very helpful for Chen Jieqi to immerse himself in a large number of ancient seals when compiling Shi Yin Ju in Fang Zhongshan, and his understanding will certainly be reflected in the compilation of Shi Yin Ju in Fang Zhongshan. Wu Dayou wrote Shuo Wen Gu Shu Bu in the ninth year of Guangxu, and supplemented and corrected the omissions and mistakes in Shuo Wen according to the unearthed characters (including ancient seal script). In fact, Chen Jieqi's understanding of the relationship between ancient seals and ancient Chinese characters, and between ancient seals and Shuowen was prescient, because as early as the 13th year of Tongzhi, Chen Jieqi talked about the idea of adding auspicious characters to Shuowen in his letter to Wu Yun. In Xu Tongxiang's preface to the printed spectrum, Wang Guowei compared the ancient prose of the Book of Songs, the inscription of the Warring States' suicide note, the ancient and monetary characters with the ancient seal characters, and thought that they were combined in nine cases out of ten. So he affirmed that the ancient seal script is a "six-nation script". Previously, Chen Jieqi had actually reached this understanding, but his understanding did not have his system, and his tone was slightly uncertain.
Chen Jieqi's "Ten Square Prints in Zhongshan" was the first to collect many prints. At the same time, the classification of ancient seals and the compilation of all seals in his Ten Sides of Zhongshan Seal House can also be said to be a precedent in the printing history of China. We can look at the description of ancient seals in the previous printed spectrum. "The integrated spectrum of ancient printed knots began in the Ming Dynasty, which was called Qin and Han printing at that time. In fact, in the genealogy of Ming people, there were ancient seals in the Warring States period, and most of them were included in the ancient seals of unknown times at that time. Until the Qing Dynasty, in the 23rd year of Kangxi, Wu Guanjun wrote Ji Gu Zhai Pu Yin, which lasted for three years, and Cheng Conglong wrote Shi Pu Yin. At this time, all the seals used the original seals to spread the spectrum, but their understanding of ancient seals followed the predecessors. ..... Xu Tongbai compiled the "Even Seal of Qingyige" for Zhang Tingji, and called the seal of the Warring States Period as an ancient seal for the first time. In the 11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1872), Chen Jieqi in Wei County collected ancient seals, which were merged with the collections of various schools at that time and expanded into "Ten Sides of Zhongshan Seal House", which was very popular at that time. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the ancient seals of the Warring States are listed in the category of Yinju. " Chen Jieqi himself is well aware of this situation. In a letter to Wu Yun on August 17th, 13th year of Tongzhi, he said: "Since the Song Dynasty, Qin seal has existed, but there have been no three generations. Today is decided by Zhong Ding, which is the first step in printing. I hereby print the preserved three generations of ancient officials and 50 New Zealand dollars borrowed from others. Please correct me. " [6] The existing printed spectrum of Ming and Qing dynasties, or the ancient seal and Qin and Han seals are not divided, or although there are ancient seals, they are not divided. The earlier prints we see now, such as Gu Congde's seal and Gan Yun's Ancient Seal Collection, are all like this. Chen Jieqi was not satisfied with this situation. He chose the style of "singing in the mountains from ten directions", which was a powerful and conscious correction to the loss of the previous generation. In the letter to Wang on the 12th day of the first month of Guangxu's first year, he said: "Confucius said that it will be published as soon as it is printed, and it will be published irregularly. This year, it is planned to combine the ancient seal with the seal of Qin Zhou and the expansion of Zhu Mo, first as a series. This seal is different from that recorded in previous dynasties. In the past, the so-called Qin seal was actually ancient, not limited to Zhou. "
Chen Jieqi's understanding of ancient seals is not only reflected in his clear listing of ancient seals in Ten Indian Houses in Fang Zhongshan, but also in his classification of ancient seals, which can be seen from the compilation of this book. Most of the seals collected by Chen belong to the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. In Ten Seals of Zhongshan House, he divided seals into 30 types, including ancient seals, official seals and Qin Zhou seals. These thirty examples are not determined by a classification standard. We can criticize his classification standard as "miscellaneous", but this classification and compilation can show Chen Jieqi's originality. Some of the classification criteria of these 30 examples are divided into writing system and printing style, such as the first three examples; Some are divided by materials, such as gold, iron, lead and silver on the fourth and fifth floors, jade on the sixth floor, crystal, water stone, stone and clay on the seventh floor, and glass, bone and pestle on the eighth floor; In addition, some are divided by buttons, some by text content, and so on. Through these "thirty tricks", we can have a panoramic understanding of the ancient seal. Chen Jieqi pioneered the "three series" printing, namely the first to third strokes: ancient seal, official seal and Qin Zhou. This is very meaningful. The value of "three series" printing lies in the first place. Separated the ancient seals of the six countries from the Qin seals. As supplementary evidence, the textual research of seal clay compiled by Chen Jieqi and Wu Shifen clearly marked "Qin seal", and put forward that the standard of Qin seal is mainly that the official position and geography conform to the Qin system, the seal style is the same as that of Shi Guwen and Li Si, and the seal surface has "ten" boundaries. Before the Qing Dynasty, the confusion between ancient seal and Qin seal was the same as that mentioned above, even in modern times. Mr. Sha Menghai said: "In ancient times, Zhu Wen's small seal was passed down from generation to generation, and it was called Qin Yin, or" Qin Xi ". "Imitation of Qin seal" and "imitation of Qin seal" are common works in modern Zhao and printmaking. In fact, these small seals were printed before or during the Warring States period, and they are by no means Qin Zhuan. " In fact, scholars before 1950s did not have a good grasp of Qin Zhuan's characteristics, and there were still many confusions between seal script and Qin and Han seal scripts.
According to the current standards, the first three cases of "Fang Zhongshan's Ten Printed Houses", such as ancient seals, official seals and Qin Zhou, are inconsistent in name and reality, and their academic theories are not very accurate. In our opinion, even if the seal of the Warring States period is "ancient seal", Qin Xi in the Warring States period is also listed here; A large number of seals in the first ancient seal are also official seals, and so is the third. This is only from the actual situation of "naming" and printing, but if we carefully analyze three examples of printing, we can find that Chen Jieqi's distinction between printing is basically accurate. The first move is basically the seal of the six countries during the Warring States period, and the third move is basically the seal of the Qin State during the Warring States period, the merged Qin. Of course, there are also several mistakes that are debatable. For example, the "seal of the master" (or "seal of the master") and "weapon of non-soldier" (or "weapon of Wang soldier") in the first ancient seal should be the official seal of Qin Dynasty. During the Warring States period, the "immortal image" (or the word "spirit" cannot be definitely explained) in Qin seal was listed as the second official seal. The second example of "official seal" was mostly printed in the Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, Chen Jieqi's "Three Series" printing method is undoubtedly quite scientific. During the Warring States period, Qin used parallel prose, which was an ancient prose in the recent Yin and Zhou Dynasties. The six countries used ancient prose, to the ancient prose of Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Therefore, Wang Guowei has the theory of "western mother tongue" and "oriental mother tongue". Correspondingly, the seals of Zhou and Qin Dynasties are also different from those of the six countries. Zhou and Qin seal scripts are square, with smooth lines, compact structure and powerful brushwork. Qin imperial edict handed down from generation to generation, and characters in Qin Hezhong are similar to them. Comparatively speaking, Qin characters retain more traditional orthography than the Six Kingdoms characters. Although there are inevitably vulgar styles in Qin characters, the emphasis is on transforming orthography with straight strokes, not innovation. The "three series" printing method not only avoids the trouble that Qin and Warring States Qin seals are difficult to distinguish, but also takes into account the characteristics of Qin seals in Zongzhou. At the same time, it separates Han and India, which live in the state of Qin but have obviously developed-not only distinguishing the times, but also distinguishing the regions. You can look at the classification of ancient Chinese characters by philologists. In his Introduction to Ancient Philology, Tang Lan thought that ancient Chinese characters should be divided into four departments: "For the study of ancient Chinese characters, physical objects are usually used to classify them ... So when doing philology research, we should abandon this old method and adopt a new classification method. The new classification focuses on the differences between time and region. Among the ancient Chinese characters discovered in modern times, I think it should be divided into four series: one is the Yin Shang series, the other is the two-week series, the third is the Six Kingdoms series, and the fourth is the Qin series. Although these four systems are closely related, each role has its own particularity. ..... Qin scripts are usually passed down once every two weeks ... This classification can not only show the characteristics of each script, but also include all kinds of abnormal materials, which is really the best method. At present, due to the convenience of research, the old classification method can be used temporarily, but this method must be used in the precise and complete study of ancient Chinese characters. " Later Qiu Xigui's Introduction to Ancient Chinese Characters also roughly divided this method.
It is a key and difficult problem to study the ancient seal and divide the territory and country. Chen Jieqi not only divided the ancient seals in Ten Indian Houses in Fang Zhongshan-as can be seen from the catalogue; If we carefully compare the volumes of this book with the "grouping" in each volume, we can even infer that Chen Jieqi has a spontaneous consciousness of dividing ancient seals into domains. The second and third moves are self-evident. Now let's briefly analyze the first "ancient seal". The first move is basically the ancient seal of the six countries. One hundred and ninety-four photocopies of Hanfenlou in this book are divided into ten volumes at first. The first volume is mostly "Yan Xi", among which there are a few seals of Chu and Qi, such as "Zuo Tian will ride" as Qi Guoxi and "Staff Sergeant Wang" as Chu Xi. The second volume is mostly complete. The fifth volume Xiao Ye is the majority of Qi. Zhu's sixth and seventh volumes are mainly The State of Jin. In the fascicle, not only the definition domain is the only standard, but also the printing form and other factors are considered. Therefore, the classification standards are also diverse. In addition, the compilation of Ten Examples of Zhongshan Sounds is not the most detailed, but it can actually be grouped. Because we can find that each volume often contains a set of printed words or printed forms. When Chen Jieqi compiled "Ten Room Printing in Zhongshan", he printed one page at a time and made it into a loose-leaf book, which can be flexibly mobilized. Grouping factors must be considered. We can get a glimpse of some news from the notes he left about compiling this spectrum. He said: "printing a page seems too expensive, but it is easy to print without damaging the paper, easy to edit and modify, easy to make up, and it is not difficult to change." It is also true that Shuowen is written in words, and there are no disadvantages of continuation and addendum. In addition, there is such a passage in the preface of Han Fenlou's Chen Jing's Ten Room Printing of Zhongshan: "Paper is made by Wuzhong Liuji Cotton Weaving Company, and each page is printed and divided into several volumes. If each seal has several examples, or if several examples are combined into one volume, each volume is often made of plain paper. I am sorry to give a few examples of easy drafts, but the rate is not ready, I can't explain it clearly, and I still regret it. " (1) [1 1] Generally speaking, there is only one difference between the same seal and other seals. In the seal of Ten Zhongshan Rooms, there are often "several cases per seal", which shows that the same seal has different "functions" in different places. Eighteen copies of Hanfen Building are printed on one page, while the original plain paper is blank. Prints before and after the space are often not grouped, which is more dispersed than those grouped elsewhere. We can guess that "plain paper" is probably where Chen Jieqi wants to fill in, and there should be a desire to make the printing group more systematic. Of course, the role of "plain paper" may not be single, but we assume that there should be such considerations. We can even see the main regional characteristics of the seal country in the Warring States period from the division, volume and grouping of seals in Ten Zhongshan Rooms. According to this clue, we can find that such compilation even has the significance of archaeological typology. Contemporary scholars can't help but be inspired by Chen Jieqi's Five Poems on the West in the Warring States Period.
The compilation of Ten Examples of Zhongshan Sound is quite complicated. Mr. Zhang Xuan summarized the compilation of Yin Ju into thirty-nine articles. However, it seems that the later manuscripts were not finalized by Chen Jieqi. Because the style is difficult to determine, Chen Jieqi has compiled several versions and issued various versions for more than ten years. Only the National Library has 50 volumes, 108, 70 volumes, 22 volumes, 20 volumes, 16 volumes, 14 volumes, 8 volumes, 8 1 volume, 19 1 volume. As a result, Emperor Chen Jingdi sighed that "the example is easy to draft, and the rate is not prepared, so the purpose cannot be fully understood, and the United States still has regrets." Let's take a look at the words of Chen Jieqi's "Ten Mountain Houses Seal":
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(1) The sentence quoted in Selected Works of Indian Studies in Past Dynasties (page 6 15) is misread, and the word "or several examples" is omitted. It is written like this: "... if there are several examples in each seal, each book often uses plain paper, ..." This sentence is regarded as: "... there are several examples in each seal, or several examples are combined together. ……"
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Autobiographical notes
Precautions for using books/guides
catalogue
Textual research Examining people, surnames, seal characters, people, place names and strange characters.
By age.
Print text separately.
Divide Bai Zhu.
Split column text.
Divided into hieroglyphics for printing.
Jade, water stone, glass, turquoise, crystal, white stone worm (mica), ivory, bone horn, dry paint, black pearl, ceramic tile.
Print button.
Print side characters and pictograms.
Ancient seals include imperial vessels, imperial seals, official seals, silver seals, silver seals, jade seals and stone seals.
Private printing is not scratched, and it is divided into two types: Zhu and Zhu.
There are hook marks, pictographs and strange buckles in ancient times.
Jeff also printed the class, attached. Dig up the earth, stone and wood. Silver typos are not passed on unless they are pictures.
Dragon Boat Festival is the only festival handed down from generation to generation. From the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, there were symbols of tigers, and in the Tang Dynasty, there were symbols of turtles and fish. Semi-hook, diving, combined hook. The same is true of private symbols.
Seal the mud, print it, and put it together.
……
Textual research on other prints is attached to one of my own books. [ 12]
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From this story, we can see that the version we are seeing now is not the most ideal final version of Chen Jieqi. If compiled according to his ideas in Notes, the style of the Ten Rooms in Zhongshan will be more complicated, and the "panorama" of the ancient seal displayed will be more grand, comprehensive and detailed. According to Chen Jieqi's idea, there will be a book Textual Research, from which it can be inferred that the division and grouping in Shifang Zhongshan Yinju are painstaking. The compilation of 194 volume "Ten Cases of Zhongshan Sound" has various classification standards, which even gives people a feeling of "miscellaneous". In fact, this is the genius of Chen Jieqi. The diversity of classification standards is precisely the "mutual understanding" brushwork used by Tai Shigong in Historical Records, which enables the "ancient seal" to be displayed in many ways, and we can just get a glimpse of Chen Jieqi's understanding of the ancient seal through such complicated compilation.