There are about 34 routines commonly used in argumentative writing, which can be divided into six categories. Limited to space, only one of them can be briefly introduced.

1. Demonstrate three levels of metaphor.

[General Features]

The three-layer analysis of metaphor runs through the whole process.

This formula requires that the phenomenon of daily life be regarded as a metaphor of social philosophy from the beginning to establish the central argument of the whole paper. Then, use empirical evidence to prove what the vehicle and ontology of metaphor mean. Then, according to the analysis of social phenomena, it points out the negative reference; Then, the central argument is proved by practice. Finally, summarize the central argument of the whole paper.

[Normal Mode]

Li-Describe social philosophy with universal phenomena and establish the center.

Explain-list examples, positively prove the center, and explain the meaning of ontology and vehicle.

Analysis-negative example, disadvantage analysis.

Connecting with reality and actively expounding opinions.

Conclusion-Deepen the central argument and point out the main idea of this article.

[formula]

Finding the right vehicle is very smooth, and grasping "similarity" is better than comparison. One interpretation, two analysis, three connections, deepen the conclusion and see the true meaning.

2. Explain the ternary normalization of classes.

[General Features]

On the hypothesis of ternary standardization

"ternary one" means that the topic consists of three concepts, which must be unified at a certain point. For example, the three concepts of determination, work and success are unified through interaction, forming the central argument of the article.

[Normal Mode]

Overview-analyze concepts, explain relationships, and put forward arguments.

Point-prove the relationship explained in the previous article one by one.

Always-come down to one point and come to a conclusion.

Solution-Solve the problem and place a call.

[formula]

At the beginning of the analysis, we should pay attention to generalizations and prove the unity point by point.

Make a strict conclusion and call for a certain interpretation of the theme.

3. At the beginning of the evaluation category, please refer to the summary and analysis formula.

[General Features]

Analysis of the opening sentence

This formula requires going straight to the point and making your point. Then discuss and analyze one by one, that is, "analyze one by one".

[Normal Mode]

Description-briefly describe the object of the comment and show your point of view.

Comment-quote the original sentence appropriately and analyze it one by one.

Conclusion-extension at the end, philosophical summary.

4. Argumentation and discussion of refutation.

[General Features]

Discuss with friends and learn from each other.

This routine requires the whole article to focus on "pendulum" and "argument", and the tone should be true and peaceful. Although my own point of view is clear, it is full of discussion and discussion.

[Normal Mode]

Let go-take the other party's point of view as the content of the whole discussion.

Debate-analysis refutation. This is the main body of the article, which can be divided into the following layers:

Quote-Quote famous words as theoretical basis.

Regression-put forward a different point of view from the other party through inductive reasoning, that is, the central point of the full text.

Play-use deductive reasoning to spread your views from the general to the individual.

Conclusion-make a conclusion after repeated arguments, so that the other party's argument is untenable, thus achieving the purpose of persuading the other party.

5. Enlightenment.

Enlightenment refers to revelation, and feeling refers to feeling. * * * The same feature is that the materials are presented first and the feelings are behind.

After reading, you can feel while reading, but the enlightenment class is different. It should lead things first and then discuss them. For example, a four-step composition for materials consists of four steps: introduction, proof, connection and conclusion.

The materials cited should be simple, such as the story that "oranges are born in Huainan, while oranges are born in Huaibei" in the first volume of high school, the story that all the people are loose, and the old saying that "those who are close to ink are black". The viewpoint of the article must come from these three materials. The big step of introducing materials and making suggestions should be completed in three small steps: the first step is to point out the meanings of the three materials in three sentences, which is the most direct truth. For example, "having more than one husband" means that the language environment is very important for learning a language; The second step is to summarize the principles of the three materials-all about the importance of the external environment; The third step is to further extend the central argument of the whole paper-under certain conditions, external causes play an important role and cannot be ignored. Instruct students to use the three-step extension method to put forward arguments and limit the text to 100 words. It takes about one class, and you can roughly capture the level of quoting materials and putting forward arguments.

The second step is to prove the arguments that have been put forward from the materials. This step is relatively easy, and it is the same topic of argumentation.

The third step is to connect with reality. This step mainly highlights the pertinence of the article, clarifies the special role of external factors in the growth of teenagers, and points out the important responsibility of society for the pure environment of teenagers' growth. This step is often overlooked or inaccurate by practitioners. We should be careful when guiding.

The fourth step is to summarize the full text and draw a conclusion. On the one hand, the whole society should create a good environment for the growth of teenagers, on the other hand, teenagers should strive to cultivate the ability to recognize the environment so as not to fall into the danger of exogenous theory.

This formula is a very practical routine, which students often use in their daily life, including the discussion part of three college entrance examination questions about digging wells, the discussion part about "two girls talking about roses" and how to treat the problem of kicking broken glass bottles in recent years.

6. Five-word borrowing of prose and essays.

[General Features]

Use the topic to play, use A to say B. Attack the current abuses and ridicule the unhealthy trends.

[Normal Mode]

Description-briefly describe the beginning and point out the theme.

Example-use examples to prove that what is said in A means B.

Analysis-analyze examples and point out the mystery.

Mock-ridicule and criticism.

Knot-take care of the beginning, cynicism.

7. Three big and three small styles

The so-called "three big and three small bodies" refers to the text structure of argumentative essays. "Three Big" means that the overall structure of the full text consists of three parts, namely, introduction, theory and conclusion; "Three small" means that this part is generally composed of three small layers, that is, to prove the central argument from three different angles. In this way, the full text forms a symmetrical five-segment layout. For example, Zou Taofen's "Dull Breath" is a typical layout of "three big and three small styles".

To really make good use of "three big and three small expressions" involves three related issues, namely, the use of opinion sentences at the beginning of a paragraph, how to establish opinion sentences, and the four-level expression in a paragraph.

(1) The three sub-layers should use opinion sentences at the beginning and end of the paragraph. Argumentative writing is to reason with people. How can we make the argument clearest? The best way to structure is to use opinion sentences at the beginning and end of a paragraph. The so-called viewpoint sentence is a sentence that can summarize the viewpoint to be said in this paragraph, this layer or this article. It should have the characteristics of raising the collar and being concise, so that people can know the center of this paragraph after reading this sentence. For example, Pavlov, the author of A Letter to Young People, has three expectations for young people: "first, step by step", "second, modesty" and "third, enthusiasm." Discuss each layer around this paragraph. The point of view is obvious, clear at a glance, and it is simply enjoyable to read.

Paragraph titles, comments and sentences are interrelated. Pavlov's three paragraphs are connected by the word "hope" in the article. When using opinion sentences, we should also pay attention to their internal relations and arrangement order.

The opinion sentence at the beginning of paragraph is mainly used at the beginning of "three short sentences", and the opinion sentence at the end of paragraph is the sublimation of the opinion sentence at the beginning of paragraph. The opinion sentence at the end of the paragraph should be consistent with the opinion sentence at the beginning of the paragraph, and the whole paragraph should be summarized, not a simple repetition of the sentence at the beginning of the paragraph. At least change the language form, or summarize the previous arguments from a new angle. Just like a pile of long bamboo poles, it is only convenient to carry if it is tied to the head and tail. The sentence at the end of the paragraph is like a knot at both ends of this bundle of bamboo, which connects the whole paragraph together and forms an inseparable whole. The so-called compact structure. Contains this meaning.

The use of opinion sentences at the beginning and end of a paragraph is a common method used by famous scholars, and it is also a summary of the successful experience of the paper. It is not only suitable for practical papers at ordinary times, but also suitable for all kinds of examination papers.

(2) Use decomposition method and quantile method to establish opinion sentences at the beginning of a paragraph. The so-called decomposition is to decompose the central argument into several sub-arguments. These sub-arguments are interrelated and are part of the central argument. They are mutually exclusive and each has its own side. For example, the topic of "talking about diligence" can be broken down into: diligence can make people, diligence can make up for their mistakes, and diligence can make them rich. Another example is the topic of "talking about contribution", which can be decomposed into: contribution is the need of social existence, contribution is noble morality, and contribution is not big or small.

As can be seen from the above example, the decomposition method is to decompose the central argument, and from which aspects it is related, we can determine the sub-arguments.

The so-called position is to look at the same issue from another angle and from another position. For example, in Qin Shuo, we can divide it into "Qin", which means a bumper harvest for farmers and "Qin", which means a bumper harvest for workers. "Diligence means the success of students" and "Diligence means the prosperity of the country." The ideological content of these four sub-arguments remains unchanged, but several aspects in which this ideological content plays a role have changed.

No matter decomposition or division, it is a method to determine the sub-argument under the restriction of the central argument. Of course, there are many ways to establish sub-arguments, such as pros and cons. It's just that these two methods are easy to be ignored, so we put them forward. When used, you can also use both. For example, the topic of "self-knowledge" can be analyzed by two methods: "self-knowledge has the value of making people supercilious", "self-knowledge is very important to individuals and countries" and "self-knowledge can be invincible". Among them, "self-knowledge is very important for individuals and countries" is determined by quantitative method, and the other two are determined by decomposition method.

(3) Ensure the fullness of four layers and three small layers in the section. An exercise has three layers of full text, and the theory of three layers just sets up the shelf of full text. In order to enrich this shelf, we mainly work hard on the "three layers", that is, we adopt the four-layer style in the paragraph. There is already an opinion sentence at the beginning and end of the paragraph of "three small layers", which is already two layers. These two layers are the "bones" of the whole section, and the other two layers are the "meat" of this section. The other two layers are examples or metaphors, or quoting a famous saying and so on. For example, the second small layer of the article "Talking about Perseverance" wrote:

"Perseverance is a boat, floating on the ocean of suffering. You may have heard Paalmann's beautiful performance, and you were amazed and applauded. However, have you ever known that he is not the lucky one with smooth sailing, but a disabled person with paralyzed legs since childhood? Unlike many unfortunate people with the same fate, he did not spend his life in a welfare home for the disabled, but stepped onto the stage covered with flowers and became a world-famous violin prince. What does he rely on? Perseverance, perseverance or perseverance. Balzac has a famous saying:' Misfortune is a stepping stone to genius, the baptism water of believers, the priceless treasure of capable people and the bottomless abyss of the weak'. People will inevitably encounter all kinds of blows in their lives. Under the unfortunate pressure, geniuses, believers and capable people have a tenacious perseverance in their hearts, which urges them to persevere until they succeed and win, thus achieving happiness. The weak lack this perseverance, so that they are pushed down the abyss of suffering and can't get out. So, when you encounter difficulties, don't back down, use your perseverance to overcome it. When difficulties admit defeat to you, you will definitely sigh: I am the indomitable perseverance of China across the sea of suffering. " Middle school students' composition database.

This is a very successful argument. In addition to using rich knowledge and clever language, the author also successfully used four-layer structure in the paragraph: the first layer is the whole paragraph, which is an outline. The second floor is an example. Paalmann proved that "perseverance is a boat drifting across the sea of suffering" is the center with the example of perseverance. The third layer is to quote Balzac's famous words and explain them, thus proving that perseverance is very important in the face of misfortune. The fourth layer is to take care of the head of the paragraph and summarize the whole paragraph. If you don't use quotations to demonstrate this passage in the third layer, you should use examples, not only the dexterity of writing is a little worse, but also the power of argument is much worse. So, in these four layers, for example, quote a famous saying; Or for example, for example; Or quote a famous saying, for example, you can use other methods, but the above methods are easier to master and have higher utilization rate.

In short, learning "three big and three small bodies" can cope with general argumentative writing. It can be said that it is a common form of argumentative writing.