Fu is a style, and the original meaning of the word "Fu" must be explored by scholars in the past. There are simultaneous borrowing methods. For example, Wang Niansun's Guangya Shuzheng says that "fu, bu, fu and polyphony are similar", and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Fu says "fu, Piaoye and Piaocai". Because this sound has similar meaning, later generations have extended it. One example is to teach "Fu" as "Fu". For example, A Qing scholar Lu Ciyun put forward the theory of "Fu" replacing "Zhi Cheng" in the fourth volume of "The Preface to the North Book", and this letter involves the mutual training of "Fu" and "Fu". The book says: "The first step is also called the giver, and it is also rich, so it is appropriate to work with wealth. A fool has rich words, but no meaning. Writing difficult words and admiring strangers, building books and boasting, old students are used to it, and they are healthy and salty. Is it rich to make people demanding and eager to lie down? If a husband's article is a promise, its meaning is long, while a son's ambition is endless, and its meaning is deep. No matter whether you are rich or not, you can know yourself in one step. " Lu's explanation of his friend's "giving is rich" also puts forward "speaking is rich" and "meaning is rich", which is quite insightful. However, "words" and rich "meaning" may be more appropriate in poetic style, but they may not fit in fu style.

Let's first look at two specific evaluations of the ancients on "Fu" and "Fu" training:

One is Zhu Yao's comment on Sima Xiangru's Zi Xu Fu with the argument of ancient Fu: "Take the wonder of heaven and earth and make it boast;" Take the shape of mountains and rivers to make their words charming; Take the names of birds, animals and plants to make them supported by words; Take the color of gold enamel to make it gorgeous; Take the system of the palace gate to strengthen its words. The so-called "sweeping away the grass and grass" is like walking through jade. "

One is Wei's "Fu Pin Hong Yu": "The words are beautiful and elegant, but they are painted in gold by mistake. I am fascinated by dreams and classics. There is a way to choose words. Zhaigong Su Su has a dense arsenal. Can read 1000 songs and learn from the past. Dongchun Jiamao, the forest of works. "

Together, the two comments vividly describe the relationship between wealth and wealth, or clarify the connotation with "infatuation with classics" or highlight the form with "wrong gold" As for the words "exaggeration", "flattery", "support" and "strength", they are all rich in words. Because Fu Jia doesn't have rich vocabulary, can he still have rich meanings? The above-mentioned contract words advocated by Lu are rich in meaning, but they are actually a long-term immersion of criticism of the Book of Songs (mainly the Book of Songs) rather than "Fu", so the original meaning of "Fu" may be missing.

Investigating the original meaning of "Fu", Zhou Li's usage lies in "Tian Fu" (and "Jun Fu"), that is, "Fu Lian", which means that there must be something in the collection and there must be money in the collection. If you use it, it will be "fu" (paving the ground). If you need things, you will be rich. If you teach "wealth", levy another land tax as a "sacrifice" for the ancestral hall; First of all, in diplomatic etiquette, "give things" to make up for what is needed. Let's look at "giving up" first. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" said: "The son of heaven and the doctor wrote the national code and discussed the four seasons until the next year. He was appointed as one of Taishi Gong, offering sacrifices for heaven, god and country. It is a country with the same surname, and it is a humble opinion of the temple. I ordered Dr. Li Qing to sacrifice the mountains and rivers with the number of ordinary people and the number of soil fields. " According to Zuo Zhuan, the so-called "state affairs" lie in "sacrifice" (ceremony) and "military engagement". Here, the sacrifices to the emperor, to the gods, to the country, to the mountains and rivers, and to the famous rivers should be "sacrificed" (to the pure cattle, to the whole body). Confucius eased the "sacrifice" and conformed to the original combination of Fu creation.

Let's look at "giving things", which is the most typical embodiment of "asking the rich and the rich" in the national dowry. "Book of Rites Qu Lixia" records the Zhou dowry cloud: "Ask your wealth, several positive places, mountains and rivers come out." Kong Ying Da's book: "The plan is positive, and the plan is wide and narrow; Where does Shanze come from? The genus of fish salt, clam, gold and silver and cassiterite is also right. " This reminds us of Liu's essay Miscellaneous Notes, which said that "the study of poetry and fu is also the official of pedestrians", which is generally understood as that pedestrians pay money for poetry and express their feelings in the Spring and Autumn Period. However, if we combine Liu's book and say that "the gift of good words comes from the military strategists" and "it is the official of pedestrians", we will dig out another meaning, that is, the bride price of pedestrians. Therefore, it corresponds to the exaggeration of Fu, such as the description of Yunmeng, its mountains, its soil (minerals), its stones (jade), its east (vanilla), its south (plain products), its dryness and its depression in Zi Xu's Fu.

Mainly speaking, there are rich things and words (greetings and rhetoric) in the sacrificial ceremony of ancient guests. Rich things can charm the gods and entertain people, and rich words can make people feel moved. This evolved from being good at offering sacrifices and asking questions in "rhetoric" to writing the text of ci fu, thus showing its tradition. Therefore, when it comes to the creation of Fu style, it is rich in both "things" and "words". Throughout the ancient Fu, whether it is voluminous and extensive, such as Yang, Ma, Ban and Zhang Zhi's Fu on safari in the Han Dynasty, it shows the weather of "sports through the wild", or it is short and small, such as Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as Zhang Hua's Emu. Because describing the state of things has become the tradition of Fu, many later generations questioned his creation. For example, Yuan Mei wrote "Pu Xu in Past Dynasties", criticizing Sandu and Fu for "describing the beauty of native products, mountains are so-and-so, water is so-and-so, plants, insects and fish are so-and-so, so it is necessary to increase poverty and seek rich interviews", which can be used as "reading books". There are also obvious differences in its system. For example, Liu Xizai's "The Outline of Art and the Outline of Fu" said that "Fu originates from chores, and poetry can't control it, so it is arranged by Fu. As the saying goes, "A friend in need is a friend in need, but a friend in need is a friend in need" (Zhu Yao's words), praising the Fu family's ability and grace in handling complicated things.

Fu is rich in words because of describing things and accidents, and is characterized by "advocating prosperity and beauty" Scholars should not ignore the difference between beauty and beauty. Literature must attach importance to emotion and give it emotion, just as Li quoted in Notes on Sleepiness: "Narrating with emotion means giving it emotion." There are two ways to express feelings and things, which are described in beautiful words in prose poetry creation. First, there are two ways to "have a lot of governors and have considerable wealth" (Ban Gu commented on Sima Xiangru's prose), or to feel sorry for things, or to express one's will, or to be clear about things, and to show things by words; First, we should "emphasize the classics and history and be rich in knowledge" (Wen Xin Diao Long Shi), or use dictionaries, observe talents and learn from dictionaries. There are not only great fu, that is, short law fu in Tang and Song Dynasties, but also those who advocate good words to contain things and things. Zhang Shidao of A Qing Dynasty wrote in "Preface to the Hundred Notes of Wei Lanxuan": "Applying the truth and combining the six meanings, the legal fu is no different from the ancient fu." I like latitude, seasons, customs, architecture, military agriculture, rituals and music, and I am economical and knowledgeable; Small and famous things, images, feelings and things can help the poor and learn. For example, Zheng, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said that the fourth rhyme of the Eight Rhymes Fu was "Although the second half is attached, it must inherit the first half, which means that it should be comprehensive and the most important thing is to prepare for the week", and Zhao Ming, a poet, said that the rhyme fu of Hanyuan at that time should be "rich in materials and rich in methods". Of course, the syntax of law and fu is very similar, and the beauty of things can be seen in the warning world. For example, Li's "Rain Village" commented on Hao Xuzhou's "Penchi Fu", "An empty court wants to wake up, and a night is full of glory; There is no wind in the secluded path, and there is a piece of spring ice on the ground, which means "the scenery is exquisite and the description is seamless" (volume 3) to illustrate the wonderful use of "things"; Comment on Fan Zhongyan's "Endowing the Heart of the World": "Judge the people's likes and dislikes, examine the government's integrity, be sure to go to pain, and be sure to prevent disasters. If you are sincere, you will be popular and become barren. If the sky is humble, it will be great. What should you do if the water is good? "He is afraid of being annoying and demanding, but I appreciate the simple way; If he suffers from poverty, I will cultivate the secret of longevity. " It is said that "there are many economies here, and it takes a lot of knowledge to reach this level." Don't ignore it for the people "(Volume 5) to show the mind of" doing things ". Collection and distribution, "colorful", "colorful, looks like a raging fire" (Lin's "seeing flowers"), sincere physical appearance, no other genre can match it.

Rich things mean rich things, which is closely related to the original meaning of Fu Chu (Lian). Therefore, Fu Xue Dan Xian by Xu Douguang in Qing Dynasty talked about the preservation of materials: "You collect materials. Yu Ping should take the classics from Zi, Shi, Gu Wen and those who talk about poetry and department, and classify and extract them for later use. In addition, ancient poems and songs ... Tang Lian, wide screen, ancient origin, and capital. ..... choose a topic from all directions. The positive material is limited, but it is better than the method of comparison, roasting, borrowing and attaching. " It goes without saying that storing things needs to be rich, that is, the method of testing fields, and the Song people also praised wealth. For example, Sun He's "On the Selection of Scholars in Poetry and Fu" "The study of poetry and fu can't be done without learning fine materials." The breakthrough period was in the middle of the century, and the rhyme was obvious. Quoting classics while driving, without trace, quoting classics, if any. ..... Judging from his life imprisonment, we can see the shallowness of learning and colonization; That is, its concept can determine the size of the device industry. "Although it is a combination of poetry and fu, it is obvious that it refers to fu rather than poetry.

Because rich in "material", it is easy to be fragmented and chaotic, so Fu Jia is rich in "shape", that is, he attaches importance to the art of composition. Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing quoted the saying that there are traces and hearts in each item, and also attached importance to the traces of Heyi Group, which were beautifully written and arranged, with one latitude, one palace and one business. No matter the horizontal writing, such as describing the hunting theme, it was written up, down, left, right, east, west, south, north, high and vertical. Although it seems like an impromptu short story, such as Ode to Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu, it depicts the shape of autumn, and it is also a multi-level and all-round description from its color, its capacity, its gas and its sound, and it is also tireless to write in detail. This is also the reason why Ge Hong praised him in Bao Puzi Shi Jun: "Shi Mao's glorious words are not as rich as those of Shanglin, Hunting Feather, Erjing and Sandu."

Fu's word is "rich". Fu's demand for himself is not to collect money and show off wealth like the "wealth" of the rich, but to enrich things, words, things and forms. Ban Gu called it "Song Ya Ya" (Preface to the Fu of Two Capitals), and Zhu said that "Ya" is a material tribute to "the forest of nine truths, the horse of the Great Bay, the rhinoceros of the yellow branch, the bird of the yellow branch, the Kunlun Mountain, the giant sea and the three Wan Li" (Ban Gu's Fu of the West Capital), and it is also a wide embrace of the wind.

Of course, the Fu family does have the habit of fighting for "money". Compared with poets, poetry respects * * *, which is self-evident. Just like Tao Yuanming, later generations evaluated imitation of Tang Dynasty as "Wang Youcheng has his essence, Mengshan people have their leisure, Chu Taizhu has his simplicity, Wei Youchong and Liu Yichao have his essence" ("On Poetry" is different. For example, Zhang Heng's "Erjing Fu" said that the rich inheritance of today is nothing more than my greatness; Zuo Si's "Sandu Fu" criticized the "empty meaning" of Ma, Yang, Ban and Zhang Fu. Li Bai's Preface to Big Hunting Fu denounces Dr. Han's "filth"; "Dadu Fu" in Yuan Dynasty begins with "Dayuan".

The ancients said that "poetry is poor and backward", but "fu" is not the case. The gift giver is very rich, without his extravagant materials. Why are you protesting? There is no abundance and virtue to describe, and there is no "prosperous time and meritorious service" and the era of eulogy!

(Author: College of Literature, Nanjing University)