In 2008, new energy vehicles launched an all-round attack in China. In 2008, it became the "first year of new energy vehicles" in China. During February 2008 1-65438+, the sales growth of new energy vehicles was mainly the growth of passenger cars. During1-65438+February, 899 new energy passenger cars were sold, up 1 17% year-on-year, and new energy vehicles for commercial vehicles were sold 1536.
In 2009, under the background of intensive support policies, new energy vehicles in China entered a rapid development track. Although the proportion of new energy vehicles in China automobile market is still very small, its growth potential in China commercial vehicle market has begun to be released. In 20091-1month, the sales of new energy passenger cars decreased by 6 1.96% to 3 10. From June 5438+0 to June 5438+0 1 in 2009, the sales of new energy commercial vehicles, mainly LPG buses, LNG buses and hybrid buses, increased by 178.98% year-on-year, reaching 4034 vehicles. Compared with the cold reception in the passenger car market, "new energy vehicles" have started to grow rapidly in the commercial vehicle market in China.
20 10 China is increasing its support for new energy vehicles. From June 10, the state started the pilot work of subsidizing private purchase of new energy vehicles in five cities including Shanghai, Changchun, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Hefei. 20 10 July, the state increased the number of pilot cities for the demonstration and promotion of 1,000 energy-saving and new energy vehicles in ten cities from 20 to 25. New energy vehicles are entering the stage of comprehensive policy support.
Under the pressure of energy and environmental protection, new energy vehicles will undoubtedly become the development direction of future automobiles. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China's new energy vehicles will officially enter the industrialization stage: 20 1 1-20 15, and new energy city buses, hybrid vehicles and small electric vehicles will be promoted in the whole society. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, that is, 20 16-2020, China will further popularize new energy vehicles, and multi-energy hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will gradually enter ordinary families.
According to the survey, there are various new energy sources, such as electric energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, nuclear energy, ethanol and so on. At present, they have developed more energy sources than those used in automobiles, such as electric energy, hydrogen energy, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and alcohol. In the development of new energy, we should not only pay attention to whether the energy is enough, but also whether it causes damage to the environment. We will learn about cars with different energy sources.
1. Pure electric vehicle
As the name implies, electric vehicles are mainly driven by electricity. Most vehicles are directly driven by motors. Some vehicles put motors in the engine compartment, and some directly use wheels as the rotors of four motors. The difficulty lies in energy storage technology. It does not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if it is converted into power plant emissions according to electricity consumption, other pollutants except sulfur and particulate matter are obviously reduced. Because most power plants are built far away from densely populated cities, it does little harm to human beings, and the power plants are fixed, and centralized emission is easy to remove all kinds of harmful emissions, and related technologies have been developed. Because electricity can be obtained from various primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear energy, water power, wind power, light and heat. People's worries about the exhaustion of oil resources have eased. Electric vehicles can also make full use of the remaining electricity when the electricity consumption is low at night, so that the power generation equipment can be fully utilized day and night, greatly improving its economic benefits. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil is sent to the power plant to generate electricity, and then it is driven by the battery, and its energy utilization efficiency is higher than that of refined gasoline and then driven by gasoline engine, so it is beneficial to energy conservation and emission reduction. It is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles a "hot spot" in the automobile industry. Some experts believe that for electric vehicles, the biggest obstacle at present is that infrastructure construction and price affect the industrialization process. Compared with hybrid power, electric vehicles need infrastructure more than one enterprise can solve. Only when enterprises unite with local government departments can they have opportunities for large-scale promotion.
Advantages: the technology is relatively simple and mature, and it can be charged wherever there is electricity.
Disadvantages: At present, the battery per unit weight stores too little energy, and the battery of electric vehicle is expensive, which does not form an economic scale, so the purchase price is expensive. As for the use cost, some trial results are more expensive than cars, and some results are only 1/3 of cars, mainly depending on battery life and local oil and electricity prices.
2. Fuel cell vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles refer to vehicles that use hydrogen, methanol and other fuels. As fuel, it generates current through chemical reaction and is driven by motor. The energy of its battery is directly converted into electric energy through the chemical action of hydrogen and oxygen, not through combustion. The chemical reaction process of fuel cells will not produce harmful products, so fuel cell vehicles are pollution-free vehicles, and the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is 2 ~ 3 times higher than that of internal combustion engines. Therefore, from the aspects of energy utilization and environmental protection, the fuel cell vehicle is an ideal vehicle.
Single fuel cells must be combined into fuel cells in order to obtain the necessary power and meet the requirements of vehicle use.
In recent years, fuel cell technology has made great progress. World famous automobile manufacturers, such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Toyota and General Motors, have announced that they plan to put fuel cell vehicles on the market before 2004. At present, the prototype of fuel cell vehicles is being tested, and fuel cell-powered transport buses are undergoing demonstration projects in several cities in North America. There are still technical challenges in the development of fuel cell vehicles, such as the integration of fuel cells, the improvement of fuel processors and auxiliary components of commercial electric vehicles. Automobile manufacturers are working hard to integrate parts and reduce the cost of parts, and have made remarkable progress.
Compared with traditional cars, fuel cell cars have the following advantages:
1, zero emission or near zero emission.
2. The water pollution caused by oil leakage is reduced.
3. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Improved fuel economy.
5. The combustion efficiency of the engine is improved.
6, smooth operation, no noise.
3. Hydrogen powered cars
Hydrogen-powered vehicles are truly zero-emission vehicles, which emit pure water, no pollution, zero emission and abundant reserves. Therefore, hydrogen-powered cars are the most ideal substitutes for traditional cars. Compared with traditional power vehicles, the cost of hydrogen-powered vehicles is at least 20% higher. China Changan Automobile completed the ignition of the first high-efficiency zero-emission hydrogen internal combustion engine in China in 2007, and exhibited China's first hydrogen-powered concept sports car "Hydrogen Range" at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show.
With the gradual formation of "automobile society", the number of cars is rising, but resources such as oil are stretched. On the other hand, vehicles that consume a lot of gasoline constantly emit harmful gases and pollutants. The ultimate solution, of course, is not to limit the development of the automobile industry, but to open up a new energy source instead of oil. The four wheels of a fuel cell car roll across the road quickly and quietly, marking the name of a new energy source-hydrogen.
Almost all the world automobile giants are developing new energy vehicles. Electricity was once considered as the future power of automobiles, but people gradually lost interest in it because of the long charging time and weight of batteries. At present (refer to 2009), the hybrid electric vehicle with electricity and gasoline can only temporarily alleviate the energy crisis, and can only reduce but cannot get rid of the dependence on oil. At this time, the emergence of hydrogen-powered fuel cells is like rebuilding a Noah's Ark, which makes people see infinite hope from the crisis.
The idea of using hydrogen as automobile fuel was shocking when it first came out, but it was actually well-founded. Hydrogen has a high energy density and can release enough energy to run an automobile engine. Moreover, the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell only produces water, without pollution. Therefore, many scientists predict that the fuel cell powered by hydrogen will be the core technology of the 2 1 century automobile, and its revolutionary significance to the automobile industry is equivalent to that of the microprocessor to the computer industry.
Advantages: the emission is pure water, and no pollutants are generated when driving.
Disadvantages: The cost of hydrogen fuel cells is too high. According to the current technical conditions, it is very difficult to store and transport hydrogen fuel, because hydrogen molecules are very small and easy to escape through the shell of the storage device. In addition, the most fatal problem is that extracting hydrogen requires electrolysis of water or the use of natural gas, which also consumes a lot of energy. Unless nuclear power extraction is used, carbon dioxide emissions cannot be fundamentally reduced.
4. Gas cars
Gas-fired vehicles refer to vehicles fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). In recent years, governments all over the world are actively seeking to solve this problem and begin to adjust the fuel structure of automobiles. Gas vehicle is recognized as the most ideal alternative fuel vehicle in the world because of its good emission performance, adjustable fuel structure, low operating cost, mature technology, safety and reliability.
At present, gas is still the mainstream of alternative fuels in the world, accounting for about 90% of alternative fuel vehicles in China. The goal of the United States is that by 20 10, 7% of cars in the field of public transport will use natural gas, and 50% of taxis and buses will be changed to cars dedicated to natural gas; By 20 10, the number of natural gas vehicles in Germany will reach 654.38+million to 400,000, and the number of filling stations will increase from the current 180 to at least 300.
Experts in the industry pointed out that the role of alternative fuels is to alleviate and eventually eliminate all kinds of pressures brought about by tight oil supply and the negative impact on economic development. Recently, China will still mainly use compressed natural gas, liquefied gas and ethanol gasoline as alternative fuels for automobiles. Whether the application of alternative fuels for automobiles can be expanded depends on the resources, distribution and availability of alternative fuels in China, the maturity of production and application technology of alternative fuels, and the reduction of environmental pollution. The production scale, investment, production cost and price of alternative fuels determine their competitiveness with petroleum fuels; The improvement of automobile production structure and design must be compatible with fuel.
Replacing oil with gas will be the inevitable trend of automobile development in China and even the world. China should organize forces to formulate the national gas vehicle policy as soon as possible. Considering that China's energy security is mainly oil, it is urgent to develop various alternative fuel vehicles, including gas vehicles. According to the national conditions, we should do the following:
First, it is necessary to limit gas prices, maintain a reasonable oil-gas price difference, such as Sichuan-Chongqing oil-gas price difference, and ensure the moderate development of gas vehicles;
Second, in view of the characteristics of large investment and long payback period of filling stations, the government appropriately gives certain subsidies to adjust the benefit distribution between the gas price sold by filling stations and the fuel cost saved by automobile users due to gas use;
Third, the gas station income tax is exempted from two and reduced by three according to the policy of high-tech industrial development zone;
Fourth, the TV used in the gas filling station is special industrial electricity, and the electricity price is preferential; In addition, the land for gas filling stations can be used as a major project and an environmental protection industry, and it can be handled specially, without passing the buck, actively adopting advanced foreign standards for station construction, scientifically determining the fire safety distance, and saving land resources.
5. Bioethanol vehicles
Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol. Generally speaking, cars that use ethanol as fuel can also be called alcohol cars. The activity of replacing petroleum fuel with ethanol has a long history, and the technology is mature in production and application. In recent years, due to the shortage of oil resources, the diversification trend of automobile energy has intensified, and ethanol vehicles have been put on the agenda again.
At present, more than 40 countries in the world have used ethanol vehicles to varying degrees, and some have reached large-scale promotion, and the status of ethanol vehicles is improving day by day.
Using ethanol in automobile can improve the octane number of fuel, increase the oxygen content, make the combustion in automobile cylinder more complete, and reduce the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gas.
Fuel application method of ethanol vehicle: 1. Mixed combustion refers to the mixed application of ethanol and gasoline. In mixed fuel, the ratio of ethanol to volume is represented by "E". If ethanol accounts for 10% and 15%, it is represented by E 10 and E 15. At present, mixed combustion accounts for the majority of ethanol vehicles. Second, pure combustion, that is, ethanol single combustion, can be expressed by E 100%, which has not been widely used at present and belongs to the trial stage; 3. Denatured fuel ethanol refers to ethanol generated by adding denaturant after ethanol dehydration, which also belongs to experimental application steps; 4. Flexible fuel means that the fuel can be gasoline, ethanol or a mixture of methanol and gasoline, and hydrogen can also be used, and can be switched at any time. For example, both Ford and Toyota are experimenting with flexible fuel vehicles (FFV).