Why? First, the words and papers are poor, and points will be deducted according to the grading requirements. Second, the "face" of the test paper controls the examiner's marking mood to a certain extent. Beautiful and neat writing is the best "coat" of an article, which directly and effectively forms the reviewer's scoring impression: First, the strokes should be clear.
Clear strokes and correct fonts will leave a good impression on reviewers. On the contrary, the dragon and phoenix dance, all the way crazy grass, but it is difficult to identify, even if the article is written well, it is difficult for people to appreciate.
Secondly, the font should be moderate. The font is too large, the volume is crowded, chaotic and indecent.
The font is too small to read. Also, change it as little as possible.
If you want to change it, you must also change it in a standardized way. Don't scribble, leaving eye-catching ink spots on the surface of the paper roll, causing a messy feeling. A good title is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information.
Being at the top of the article structure, the title of the article will directly affect the reviewer's first impression of the article. The basic requirements for the proposed topic of argumentative paper are: to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy.
It can be vivid, vivid, concise, unique, neat and so on. In short, it is best to stimulate the reader's interest in reading, or to make him feel refreshed.
The title of an argumentative essay should conform to the stylistic characteristics and be clear, so that people can know its purpose at a glance. Articles with clear views are most popular with commentators, because it has a clear and transparent sense, can convey the general content of the article, and is easy to grasp the basic content of the whole article.
Gorky said: "(at the beginning) it is like setting the tone in music. The tone of the whole song is given by it, and it is also where the author spends his time." The beginning of an argumentative paper should pay attention to "short, fast and beautiful".
To be brief means to be concise. It is best to divide three or two sentences into paragraphs to introduce this theory. A short beginning can avoid verbosity, and short sentences are divided into paragraphs, highlighting the importance of their content in space.
To be quick is to get to the point quickly. It is best to point out the basic ideas or themes of the article in a few sentences. Because there is a "clear center" regulation in the grading standard.
Determining the center at the beginning is conducive to the reviewers' scoring and the author's discussion, avoiding writing taboos such as unclear topics and changing topics halfway. Beautiful means wonderful.
This is also the "phoenix head" mentioned in traditional literary theory. The most prominent function of a wonderful beginning is to attract the examiner and leave a good impression on him.
The beginning of the article should be wonderful, and the argument should be introduced by rhetorical devices such as metaphor, analogy and parallelism. You can also quote famous sayings and tell fables to introduce the topic. Whether the structure of the first sentence and the last sentence of the argumentative essay written in the middle paragraph is rigorous, whether the article E799Be5Bae97AE7A94E58685AEB93133762661is clear, whether the argument is rigorous and whether the argument is typical, the key lies in the writing of the middle paragraph.
Structure, organization, arguments and arguments are important rules for marking argumentative essays, so writing argumentative essays should meet these standards as much as possible. Common discussion methods are: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following; Mainly focus on small arguments, use appropriate facts and theoretical arguments, or analyze and reason some phenomena in real life; Finally, write a sentence or two summarizing the discussion.
The writing of the first sentence and the last sentence is the most important, which can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the full text. In addition, the overall argumentation structure of the article often uses positive and negative contrast.
As long as many reasons are said from both sides, they can basically be strictly discussed. Skillfully using this composition mode in the examination room can quickly start writing, reduce mistakes and save time.
At the same time, it can make the examiner score the scores above average conveniently according to the scoring standard, and avoid the personal scoring factors that are not conducive to the candidates. A typical and vivid argument is the soul of an argumentative paper, the sub-argument is the skeleton supporting this soul, and the argument is the flesh and blood of an argumentative paper.
It is inconceivable that a person should be full and colorful, with only a soul and skeleton and no flesh and blood. The same argumentative essay can't be called an article only with central arguments and sub-arguments, and it must also have typical and vivid arguments.
Typical arguments refer to representative examples and famous sayings that can fully reflect the essence of things. First of all, ask for truth and be related to the topic.
Secondly, we should abandon the old arguments and use new ones. Some students memorized several classic arguments in their compositions, such as Sima Qian, Madame Curie and Zhang Haidi, and used them from different angles as a kaleidoscope.
In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they are not noticeable. On the contrary, it will be better to choose the new argument that "people have me without me, and people have me", which will make commentators feel fresh when reading.
In addition, some students are used to reasoning with ancient examples, and the whole article fails to connect with reality, has no running water of the times, and cannot achieve the purpose of full reasoning. It is best to quote fashionable sentences and examples that the media generally pay attention to to to assist reasoning, strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times of reasoning, and make the article more convincing.
A good ending is the inevitable result of the development of the full-text content and one of the important components of the article structure. Shi Tuo, a famous modern writer, once said, "When writing an article, no matter how long it is, we should first consider the ending.
With the ending, how to start and how to arrange in the middle will be solved. "A good ending should be like a leopard's tail, loud and powerful, alarming and inspiring.
For example, Lu Xun's "On the Collapse of Leifeng Tower" ends with only two words: "What a suck!" In just two words, it can be said that it is concise and penetrating the back of the paper! In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Because the rater begins to grade after reading the end, its quality directly affects the rater's scoring psychology.
Li Yu once said: "At the end of the article, we should capture the soul with flattering words and let it linger on the picture scroll. If it is hard to say goodbye." If the ending has this effect, the whole article will add a lot of color.
At the end of the argumentative paper, collect the full text and highlight the central argument; To reflect the compactness and integrity of the full-text structure, we should not retreat hastily or gild the lily; Language should be crisp and powerful, clear and loud, inspiring and inspiring. Language image and fluency of language items are important criteria for composition scoring.
The language of argumentative writing should be accurate, vivid and vivid. When writing argumentative essays, some students often pose as telling the truth. In order to reason thoroughly, they move out the terms of philosophical principles and dialectics, but the effect is just right.
2. Seek a speech with the theme of "Medical humanistic practice is by my side". I still remember the oath of medical students when they first entered school: "Health depends on life.
When I entered the sacred medical school, I solemnly swore: I volunteered to devote myself to medicine, love my motherland, be loyal to the people, abide by medical ethics, respect teachers, study hard, be tireless, strive for perfection and develop in an all-round way. I am determined to do my best to eliminate human diseases, improve health and safeguard the sanctity and honor of medical skills.
Save the wounded and rescue the dying, spare no pains, pursue persistently, and strive for the development of medicine and health in the motherland and the physical and mental health of mankind for life!
The ancients said, "A doctor is benevolent." People often say, "The doctor's parents care. The enlightenment of life between the lines in Hippocrates' anthology, the father of western medicine. All these enlighten us that humanistic care is not only the essence advocated by China, but also the core spirit of western medicine and the ultimate embodiment of medical value orientation. Choosing to study medicine is choosing humanistic care.
Combining classroom teaching with practical experience: medical humanistic care education is a long-term systematic project, which is not only reflected in the design of theoretical concepts of medical humanistic education, but also in the operation of practical concepts of medical humanistic education. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the communication and integration between disciplines, so as to make concerted efforts: at the level of medical humanities teaching and research section, it can be carried out by collective preparation of lessons and discussion of teaching methods; At the college level, it is necessary to break down discipline barriers and establish a reasonable long-term mechanism for the integration of humanities and medical disciplines, so that all forms of disciplines are truly inclusive rather than isolated in fact, and the integration of disciplines becomes a mere formality; At the inter-school level, we should strengthen the horizontal connection between the surrounding comprehensive universities and build a resource sharing platform by using high-quality human resources. Change the inheritance and indoctrination of traditional teacher-centered medical humanities course education, pay attention only to ideological education and theoretical discussion, and pay attention to categories.
Systematic teaching lacks humanistic knowledge and humanistic spirit to analyze and face realistic medical problems and hot spots. Instead, we should actively encourage and guide students, broaden their horizons, broaden their thinking, correctly understand and experience, let students collect information, form opinions, express their opinions and communicate with each other around key issues closely related to medical practice or society, cultivate their initiative, mobilize their enthusiasm, stimulate their creativity, cultivate their excellent qualities such as "care, respect, understanding and responsibility" and exercise their strong will and interpersonal skills.
All normal people fear life, cherish health, and long for care, while doctors only treat people, relieve illness and restore health, so humanistic care is the eternal theme of medicine. However, the recognition of doctors in today's society is not ideal.
The doctor-patient relationship is tense, and medical disputes emerge one after another. It is imperative to strengthen medical humanities education.
For some chronic diseases, mental illness or cancer, the best treatment is "humanistic care".
There are always some unattainable corners in medicine. If there is no "magic hand", you can definitely "rejuvenate", and sometimes there is nothing you can do. doctor
The field of learning skills is limited, and at this time, the medical spirit "humanistic care" has room to display and play its unique role.
The charm of. Some patients with chronic diseases, such as hepatitis B, have the characteristics of long course, poor prognosis, easy recurrence and strong infectivity.
There are often different degrees of anxiety and tension, and this kind of bad mood is reflected in the illness at the same time, which makes the illness worse.
If doctors can conduct timely and effective psychological counseling, strengthen communication between doctors and patients, and integrate humanistic care into clinical work,
Make patients master the health care knowledge of chronic hepatitis B, improve the compliance behavior and satisfaction, reduce the psychological burden, and actively cooperate with the treatment.
Can better promote the rehabilitation of diseases. Some patients with advanced cancer are more afraid of death than physical pain.
This kind of mental pain is even greater than physical pain. At this time, the doctor can eliminate or alleviate the illness and other physiological diseases.
Relieve psychological problems and mental troubles, improve the quality of life of patients, and give spiritual comfort and care.
So that they can spend the last moments of their lives painlessly and face death calmly.
Although medicine has made brilliant achievements in the 20th century, the atmosphere of disappointment and doubt about medicine is more intense now. The flag-waving of optimism in the 1960s has disappeared. The excitement of the invention of penicillin, the joy of heart transplantation, and the cheers of 1978 for the birth of the first IVF are all gone. People are increasingly worried about the possible consequences of the development of genetic engineering and biotechnology, dissatisfaction with the dehumanization tendency of medical care, and criticism of unbearable medical expenses and unfair distribution of health resources. In this case, the public's panic about the high-tech "can do and can do" adopted by scientific medicine will inevitably increase. Medicine sometimes seems to be led by elites, who are mainly interested in developing their technical ability, and they seldom consider their social purpose and value, or even their personal pain. Patients are regarded as "problems" or "life machines" waiting to be repaired. Therefore, it is not surprising that the public is disgusted with this and is willing to accept traditional medicine or natural therapy that treats them more humanely.
In essence, medicine is by no means a pure technology, but a humanitarian cause of humanistic care and social justice and fairness.
Really reflect. As a historical, regional, institutional and cultural "accumulation of human civilization" life intervention,
Its ultimate humanistic concern is the most general view of the ultimate life ontology hidden behind the appearance. The power of medicine lies not only in the "possibility" at the tool level,
It also lies in the "why" at the humanistic level. "
3. I feel anxious about the medical humanistic spirit I feel. I still remember the oath of medical students when they first entered school: "Health depends on life.
When I entered the sacred medical school, I solemnly swore: I volunteered to devote myself to medicine, love my motherland, be loyal to the people, abide by medical ethics, respect teachers, study hard, be tireless, strive for perfection and develop in an all-round way. I am determined to do my best to eliminate human diseases, improve health and safeguard the sanctity and honor of medical skills.
Save the wounded and rescue the dying, spare no pains, pursue persistently, and strive for the development of medicine and health in the motherland and the physical and mental health of mankind for life! The ancients said, "A doctor is benevolent." People often say, "The doctor's parents care. "
The enlightenment of life contained between the lines of Hippocrates' anthology, the father of western medicine. All these enlighten us that humanistic care is not only the essence advocated by China, but also the core spirit of western medicine and the ultimate embodiment of medical value orientation. Choosing to study medicine is choosing humanistic care.
Combining classroom teaching with practical experience: medical humanistic care education is a long-term systematic project, which is not only reflected in the design of theoretical concepts of medical humanistic education, but also in the operation of practical concepts of medical humanistic education. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the communication and integration between disciplines, so as to make concerted efforts: at the level of medical humanities teaching and research section, it can be carried out by collective preparation of lessons and discussion of teaching methods; At the college level, it is necessary to break down discipline barriers and establish a reasonable long-term mechanism for the integration of humanities and medical disciplines, so that all forms of disciplines are truly inclusive rather than isolated in fact, and the integration of disciplines becomes a mere formality; At the inter-school level, we should strengthen the horizontal connection between the surrounding comprehensive universities and build a resource sharing platform by using high-quality human resources.
To change the inheritance and indoctrination of traditional teacher-centered medical humanities course education, we only pay attention to ideological education and theoretical discussion, and pay attention to the teaching of categories and systems, but lack humanistic knowledge and humanistic spirit to analyze and face realistic medical problems and hot spots. Instead, we should actively encourage and guide students, broaden their horizons, broaden their thinking, correctly understand and experience, let students collect information, form opinions, express their opinions and communicate with each other around key issues closely related to medical practice or society, cultivate their initiative, mobilize their enthusiasm, stimulate their creativity, cultivate their excellent qualities such as "care, respect, understanding and responsibility" and exercise their strong will and interpersonal skills.
All normal people fear life, cherish health, and long for care, while doctors only treat people, relieve illness and restore health, so humanistic care is the eternal theme of medicine. However, the recognition of doctors in today's society is not ideal, the doctor-patient relationship is tense, and medical disputes emerge one after another. It is imperative to strengthen medical humanities education.
For some chronic diseases, mental illness or cancer, the best treatment is "humanistic care". There are always some unattainable corners in medicine. If there is no "magic hand", you can definitely "rejuvenate", and sometimes there is nothing you can do.
The field of medical skill is limited, and at this time, the medical spirit "humanistic care" has room to display and exert its unique charm. Some patients with chronic diseases, such as hepatitis B patients, often have different degrees of anxiety and nervousness due to the characteristics of the disease itself, such as long course of disease, poor prognosis, easy recurrence and strong infectivity. This kind of bad mood is also reflected in the illness, which makes it worse. If doctors can conduct effective psychological counseling in time, strengthen communication between doctors and patients, and integrate humanistic care into clinical work, patients will better master the health care knowledge of chronic hepatitis B, improve their compliance behavior and satisfaction, reduce their psychological burden, and actively cooperate with treatment.
Some patients with terminal cancer are more afraid of death than physical pain, and this mental pain is even greater than physical pain. At this time, doctors can eliminate or alleviate physical symptoms such as pain, solve psychological problems and mental troubles, improve patients' quality of life, give patients spiritual comfort and care, and make them spend the last moment of their lives painlessly and face death calmly. Although medicine has made brilliant achievements in the 20th century, the atmosphere of disappointment and doubt about medicine is more intense now.
The flag-waving of optimism in the 1960s has disappeared. The excitement of the invention of penicillin, the joy of heart transplantation, and the cheers of 1978 for the birth of the first IVF are all gone.
People are increasingly worried about the possible consequences of the development of genetic engineering and biotechnology, dissatisfaction with the dehumanization tendency of medical care, and criticism of unbearable medical expenses and unfair distribution of health resources. In this case, the public's panic about the high-tech "can do and can do" adopted by scientific medicine will inevitably increase.
Medicine sometimes seems to be led by elites, who are mainly interested in developing their technical ability, and they seldom consider their social purpose and value, or even their personal pain. Patients are regarded as "problems" or "life machines" waiting to be repaired.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the public is disgusted with this and is willing to accept traditional medicine or natural therapy that treats them more humanely. In essence, medicine is by no means a pure technology, but a true embodiment of humanistic care and social justice and fairness.
As the historical, regional, institutional and cultural accumulation of human civilization, the ultimate humanistic care of medicine is the most universal ultimate view of life ontology hidden behind its appearance. The strength of medicine lies not only in the tool level, but also in the humanistic level. .
4. The full text of the paper is entitled "Humanistic Spirit of Doctors". In recent years, the relationship between doctors and patients in China has become increasingly tense, and the contradiction between doctors and patients has intensified.
There are many reasons for this situation, one of which is the lack of humanity in medicine in recent years. To improve this contradictory situation and alleviate the increasingly intensified contradictions, we need many efforts, including attaching importance to the humanistic spirit of medicine and doctors.
It has long been recognized that medical humanities have both natural science attributes and humanities and social science attributes. As early as 1849, Wei erxiao, the founder of cytopathology, put forward the conclusion that "medicine is essentially a social science".
Huang Jiasi, a famous medical scientist in China, once said: "People's health and diseases are not only controlled by the material environment, but also influenced by social system, economic conditions and mental state. Therefore, medicine is closely related to social sciences. "
Mr. Yu Guangyuan has a similar expression: "For clinic, can it be understood as a special natural process among many natural processes in the world? Of course, clinic is not a natural natural process, but a natural process of society. In other words, this process will not exist without society, and clinical practice is a natural process with dual significance.
It is different from mining. Although mining is inseparable from the development of society, the ore body is natural. Clinically, the occurrence of diseases generally has its social reasons and sociality.
Medical behavior, including the methods and means used, is also social. Therefore, clinical practice is a dual social and natural process.
So I think medicine is not a pure natural science, but an interdisciplinary science between social science and natural science. People's understanding of diseases has long gone beyond the level of natural science, from the initial simple biological point of view to the comprehensive exploration and understanding of the causes from biological, psychological and social aspects.
People's health no longer simply means that the body is not sick or weak, but according to the definition of the World Health Organization, it is "a state of physical, mental (psychological) and social perfection". In other words, psychosocial factors have an important impact on health.
At present, the causes of diseases with the highest mortality rate (cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, etc.). ) not just biological factors. It is generally related to social and psychological factors such as psychological tension, smoking and environmental pollution.
In the west, psychotherapy has been quite common in medical practice since Freud founded psychoanalysis. Under the condition of China's socialist market economy, with the increasing social competition, the status of psychotherapy in clinical practice has gradually improved.
With the transformation of medicine from "biomedical model" to "bio-psychological-social medical model", the humanity of medicine is more obvious. Doctors can't help but consider the role of social and cultural factors when using technology to treat patients. Doctors' emotional identification with patients and their roles is also deeply affecting the way of diagnosis, surgery and communication with patients.
Sigrid, a famous western medical historian, once said, "I say medicine is a natural science rather than a social science. I shocked the medical audience more than once. The purpose of medicine is social. Its purpose is not only to cure diseases, but more importantly, to adapt people to his environment. " Because of our biased understanding of the essence of medicine, people often habitually regard doctors as pure natural scientists.
Castiglio, a famous Italian medical historian, once said, "A doctor can't be a complete doctor without the inspiration of artistic light." Usually we simply regard medicine as a pure natural science, because we don't distinguish between medicine and technology, and ignore the rich humanistic spirit of medicine, especially humanistic spirit, which is the root of our biased understanding of medicine.
Confucian culture has been affecting all aspects of social life in China for more than two thousand years, and medicine is no exception. It is said that medicine belonging to natural science and Confucianism belonging to social science are one track-minded, which just shows the duality of medicine.
Just like China people's understanding of medicine-"medicine is benevolence". Although modern medicine has made a series of new achievements that attract worldwide attention, it is far from enough to rely solely on technology in medical practice if social, moral and cultural factors are put aside.
Therefore, we should discuss medical practice from the perspective of culture, because the explanations and activities of doctors and patients have cultural characteristics. Doctor's humanistic spirit is the inevitable requirement of medical humanistic spirit.
Giving full play to the role of the subject of medical practice can prevent the infinite expansion of technology. It is an inevitable requirement of medical essence to advocate the concept of "people-oriented, technology supplemented" in medical practice.
Modern medical equipment provides strong technical support for maintaining public health. With the help of computers and digital communication, modern medicine has changed from qualitative to quantitative, losing its passion and humanity.
Doctors can treat patients thousands of miles away, and patients' information can also be transmitted to hospitals or treatment centers thousands of miles away through the internet. In the whole process, there is no direct face-to-face contact between doctors and patients, and there is only simple information contact between patients and doctors.
In this kind of medical activities, doctors are regarded as accessories of machinery and equipment to some extent, and their enthusiasm, creativity and sympathy are bound by dehumanizing technology. Undeniably, with the progress of medical technology, the equipment level has become an important factor to improve the hospital's popularity and medical quality. But we must see that instruments are not the decisive factor of medicine, and the decisive factor of medicine is people, not things.
Instruments can only provide phenomena, and people need to grasp the essential things. Doctors are the main body of medical activities, and the development of doctors and the realization of their values are the only way for medical development.
If we ignore the care, support and encouragement for the development of doctors, medicine may deviate from its essence-truth, goodness and beauty, and may become dehumanized medicine. In hospital management or medical activities, if people-oriented, human development and the remolding of doctors' humanistic spirit are neglected, problems will inevitably arise.
At present, the construction of medical ethics in hospitals at all levels in China has made remarkable progress, but the patients are right.
5. Why does medical development need humanistic care 1? Medicine is both scientific and humanistic. Medical historians say: "the purpose of medicine is social. It not only treats diseases, but also adapts patients to their social environment." With the development of the times, the connotation of medical service is constantly enriched. High-quality medical service not only means treatment, but also means that patients' medical experience is constantly improving and their sense of acquisition is constantly increasing.
2.20 16 years, China promulgated the Measures for the Management of Medical Quality, which is the first legal document on medical quality in China, marking China's efforts and progress in hospital safety and quality control. Medical quality determines the medical effect, and medical humanistic care promotes the temperature of medical service.
Medicine is a subject with temperature, and its service object is living people. Doctors see "disease" more as "people". Looking back on the history of medical development, it contains comprehensive care for human body and mind from the day of its birth, and humanistic care is the essential attribute of medicine.
Extended data:
Modern medicine experienced the foundation of 16~ 17 century, the systematic classification of 18 century and the great development of 19 century. The 20th century was closely combined with modern science and technology and developed into modern medicine. The characteristics of medicine in the 20th century are, on the one hand, microscopic development, such as molecular biology; On the one hand, it is macro development.
From the macro-development, it can be divided into two types: first, people realize that people themselves are a whole; The second is to study people as a whole closely interacting with the natural environment and social environment.
Since the 20th century, the most outstanding achievement of basic medicine is the development of basic theory, which has effectively promoted clinical medicine and preventive medicine. Effective means to treat and prevent diseases only began to appear in the 20th century. The main reason for the development of medicine in the 20th century is the progress of natural science. The cross-integration of disciplines and specialties is one of the characteristics of modern medicine.
People's health network-paying attention to medical humanistic care
People's health network-humanistic care is an irreplaceable value for doctors