The influence of American transgenic technology in China is 1. Since 1980s, the scientific and technological progress represented by information technology, biotechnology, new materials and new energy technologies has been changing with each passing day, among which the application of agricultural biotechnology with plant genetic engineering as the core is a major technological revolution to traditional agriculture. 1983, the University of Washington announced the successful introduction of kanamycin resistance gene into tobacco cells, and in April of the same year, the University of Wisconsin announced the successful transformation of soybean gene into sunflower, which marked the birth of plant transgenic technology. Subsequently, transgenic technology began to develop rapidly and a large number of transgenic plants were successfully cultivated. From 65438 to 0985, the first batch of transgenic plants with virus resistance, insect resistance and bacterial diseases entered the field test. In the same year, the US Patent Office announced that genetically modified plants were protected by patents. 1986, the United States Environmental Protection Agency allowed the planting of the world's first transgenic crop-herbicide-resistant tobacco. From 65438 to 0994, the American genetically modified tomato "Flavrsavr" was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to enter the market, becoming the first genetically modified food in the world. From 65438 to 0996, a large number of genetically modified crops in the United States began to be commercialized. Since then, with a large number of genetically modified crops with various excellent characteristics successfully developed and put on the market, the commercial planting area and economic benefits of genetically modified crops in the United States have expanded rapidly. In this revolution in the field of agricultural biotechnology that swept the world, the United States not only always occupied a dominant position, but also always benefited the most from this revolution. 2. Overview of American Transgenic Technology (1) The influence of transgenic technology on American seed companies. The research and development and promotion of most new crop products in the United States are undertaken by seed companies. After the birth of plant transgenic technology, seed companies seem to see new economic growth points, thinking that transgenic technology can bring them more lucrative profits. In addition, the US Department of Agriculture stipulated in the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP) that others can use the excellent characteristics of new varieties protected by patents for research purposes, which increased investors' interest. Therefore, a large number of private funds were frequently invested in the research and development of genetically modified crops, and the research and development of new crop varieties began to shift from government scientific research institutions to private seed companies, which made private seed companies. According to the statistics of USDA 1996-2000, there are 4,200 new technology patents in the field of agricultural biotechnology in the United States, of which 75% are from private seed companies. However, with the rapid development of transgenic technology, seed companies have found that transgenic technology can not only bring them high profits, but also higher and higher R&D investment brings the burden of survival to enterprises. Therefore, small seed companies could not bear the huge economic pressure and went bankrupt one after another, and large seed companies also began to merge or be merged by other enterprises. By 1997, the three major seed companies in the United States accounted for a large part of seed research, development, cultivation, production and sales, and their main seed products included cotton, corn and soybeans, accounting for 84%, 56% and 38% of the American seed market respectively. (2) R&D and Industrialization of Genetically Modified Crops According to the data released by Monsanto and DuPont Pioneer, the whole process of R&D and the promotion of new varieties of genetically modified crops can be roughly divided into five stages: exploration stage; Verification stage; Early product development stage; Deep opening and closing stage and commercialization preparation stage. At the initial stage of product development, new transgenic varieties began to enter the field test. According to the statistics of USDA, from 1987 to April 2005, American seed production companies and related research institutions submitted 1 1600 applications for field trials of new varieties of transgenic plants to APHIS of USDA, among which more than 10700 applications were approved, accounting for 92% of the total number of applications. The number of approvals reached its peak in 2002, and a total of 1 190 applications were approved throughout the year. In the preparation stage of commercialization, after extensive field experiments have confirmed that the new genetically modified variety will not cause harm to agriculture or the environment, an application for deregulation of the variety can be submitted to the animal and plant inspection and quarantine organ. (3) Research and development promotion direction of seed companies Genetically modified crops are divided into three generations according to the characteristics of transgene. The first generation is called "InPuttraits", which means that the characteristics of transgenic crops mainly focus on input characteristics, and its main purpose is to reduce farming costs, increase crop yield and reduce the use of chemical pesticides. Herbicide-resistant crops, insect-resistant crops, virus-resistant crops and crops resistant to harsh environments (such as drought-resistant crops) all belong to the first generation of transgenic crops. Although the first generation of genetically modified crops did not bring direct benefits to consumers, they brought great benefits to farmers and reduced the environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides to some extent. The second generation is called "Outputtraits", which means that the characteristics of transgenic crops mainly focus on the output characteristics, and its main purpose is to improve the quality of crop products, such as improving the taste of food, increasing the nutrition of food, reducing trans fatty acids in food and increasing the oil content of oil crops. The second generation of genetically modified crops can directly benefit consumers. The third generation is called "Value-addedtraits", which means that the characteristics of transgenic crops are mainly concentrated in other aspects besides the traditional functions of crops, mainly special chemicals that make crops produce specific uses. This transgenic crop will be used in fields completely different from traditional cereals and fiber products, such as medicinal crops, biofuel crops, crops containing biodegradable substances and so on. Up to now, the first generation of genetically modified crops has developed quite maturely. While deeply developing the first generation of genetically modified products, major seed companies are gradually shifting their research and development goals to the second and third generation of genetically modified products. 3. Planting of genetically modified crops in the United States The United States is currently the country with the largest variety of genetically modified crops and the largest commercial planting scale in the world. From the perspective of planting scale, since the commercial planting of genetically modified crops began, the annual planting area of genetically modified crops in the United States accounts for more than half of the global planting area of genetically modified crops. According to the statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture, the planting area of genetically modified crops in the United States has increased by nearly 36 times since 1996. Among them, the planting area increased the fastest in previous years, such as 1997, 1998 and 1999, which increased by 44 1%, 153% and 40% respectively over the previous year. The growth rate has slowed down in recent years. For example, the growth rates of 200 1, 2002 and 2003 were only 18%, 9% and 5.3% respectively. Although the percentage of growth in recent years is not large, the United States is still a fast-growing country in terms of planting area. The planting area of genetically modified crops in China reached 42.8 million hectares in 2003, 47.6 million hectares in 2004 and 49.8 million hectares in 2005, with an average annual increase of more than 2 million hectares. In 2006, the planting area of genetically modified crops in the United States reached 54.6 million hectares, accounting for 42.3% of the main crop planting area in the United States (6.5438+0.2894 million hectares) and 53.5% of the global genetically modified crop planting area (6.5438+0.02 million hectares). In 2006, the planting area of genetically modified crops in the United States increased by 4.8 million hectares compared with 2005, making it the fastest growing country. As far as the characteristics of genetically modified crops are concerned, the genetically modified crops planted in the United States are still the first generation of genetically modified crops, that is, crops with imported characteristics. As far as the varieties of genetically modified crops are concerned, there are currently genetically modified varieties such as soybean, corn, cotton, rape, pumpkin, papaya and alfalfa in the United States. Genetically modified soybeans have always been the largest genetically modified crops in the United States. In 2006, the planting area reached 26.99 million hectares, accounting for 46% of the global GM soybean planting area (58.6 million hectares) and 50% of all GM crops in the United States. Transgenic corn is the second largest transgenic crop in the United States, and its planting area increased from 196 hectares to 160000 hectares in 2006, accounting for 78% of the global transgenic corn planting area (25 million hectares) and 36% of all transgenic crops in the United States. Transgenic cotton is the third largest transgenic crop in the United States. There are three kinds of transgenic cotton products: herbicide-resistant, insect-resistant, herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant hybrid products. Since 2002, the planting area of hybrid transgenic cotton has been increasing, and it has become the largest variety of transgenic cotton in 2004. In 2006, the planting area of transgenic cotton reached 5130,000 hectares, accounting for 38% of the global planting area of transgenic cotton (134,000 hectares), including insect-resistant cotton16.5438+065438+0.6 million hectares and herbicide-resistant cotton16. 4. The development trend of transgenic technology in the United States in 2007 is 12 years since the commercialization of transgenic crops. In the past 1 1 year, the United States has been leading the global trend of transgenic technology, whether in the research and development of transgenic technology, the cultivation of transgenic crops or the promotion of genetically modified foods. According to the current development momentum, the United States will still be the locomotive in the field of transgenic technology in the future, guiding the development direction of transgenic technology. At present, the development trend of transgenic technology in the United States mainly has the following four characteristics: (1) The planting area of transgenic crops will continue to expand, and the proportion of transgenic crops will further increase; (2) Exogenous traits introduced by transgenic crops will gradually develop from "monoclonal antibody" to "double antibody" or "multiple antibody"; (3) Genetically modified crops will gradually develop to the second and third generations; (4) Genetically modified foods will increase. At present, the genetically modified food widely sold in the United States is soybean oil processed from genetically modified soybeans. However, for safety reasons, the monitoring and approval of genetically modified foods in the United States is very strict, resulting in many genetically modified crops still being used as feed and fiber products. Although there is still great controversy about genetically modified food, its unique advantages have always attracted consumers. Taking transgenic rice containing vitamin A as an example, it will help to alleviate vitamin A deficiency and blindness caused by it. Although there are voices of opposition, more people think that it is imperative to promote this kind of rice. Today, with the rapid development of transgenic technology, with the in-depth study of genetically modified food safety, it will be the general trend for genetically modified food to gradually enter the market. Difficulties and prospects of gene therapy i. Retrospective gene therapy

From 65438 to 0943, American scholar Avery and others proved that DNA is the genetic material of life, which initiated a new era of life science. Since then, the research of life science has entered a brand-new field. Now, the development of gene therapy has become an important milestone in gene biotechnology.

Gene therapy refers to a biomedical high-tech that introduces human normal genes or therapeutic genes into human target cells in a certain way to correct gene defects or play a therapeutic role, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases.

In the past decade, nearly 400 gene therapy schemes have been used in clinic all over the world, of which the United States accounts for more than half. The implementation of "Human Genome Project" and its achievements not only make people know themselves, but also become the source of research, development and industrialization of gene diagnosis and gene therapy.

In 2000, necker Children's Hospital used gene therapy to restore the normal immune function of several infants with immunodeficiency, and achieved the greatest success in the past decade. At present, the total annual investment of gene therapy is about $654.38 billion, mainly in the United States, followed by Europe. By September of 20001year, there were 596 approved gene therapy schemes in the world, among which cancer ranked first, with 376 schemes, accounting for 63. 1% of the total. It is estimated that in 2004, the world's first gene therapy product for cancer will enter the market. Driven by the huge medical demand and the potential to cure major diseases, the sales of gene therapy products will reach 3.6 billion US dollars, which is expected to increase by about 1 times every year, 9.9 billion US dollars in 2006 and 45 billion US dollars in 20 10. Some large multinational pharmaceutical companies aim at small and medium-sized specialized gene therapy companies and form strategic cooperation with them in order to compete for new industrial fields and pharmaceutical market share in the future.

Second, gene therapy in China

199 1 year, scientists in China conducted the world's first clinical trial of hemophilia B gene therapy. At present, four hemophiliacs have received gene therapy. After treatment, the concentration of factor ⅸ in the body increased, and the bleeding symptoms were alleviated, achieving a safe and effective therapeutic effect. Subsequently, Chinese scientists used thymokinase gene to treat malignant glioma, and the gene therapy scheme was approved to enter 1 clinical trial. Preliminary observation shows that 55% of the patients have survived for more than 1 year, of which 1 case has been more than three and a half years, and no tumor recurrence has been found so far. In addition, the gene therapy scheme using vascular endothelial growth factor gene to treat peripheral infarcted lower extremity vascular diseases has also been approved for clinical trials. At present, six gene therapy schemes have entered or will soon enter clinical trials in China.

Generally speaking, China's gene therapy industry is about four years behind the United States, and it is in the growth stage, and most of it is still in the laboratory research stage. Only about five projects have passed the examination and approval and entered the special clinical trials or the first and second clinical trials.

Third, investors pay attention to genetic projects.

200 1 year is a rational year for investors' investment behavior. The profitability of enterprises and the industrialization of research results have become the main factors for investors to judge the value, and the concept of high technology is no longer popular with investors.

Because the technology studied by most companies is still in the basic research and exploration stage, the prospect is uncertain and contains great risks. At the same time, because most companies only have research and development capabilities, they have no marketing and industrialization capabilities, and the loss of biotechnology company 200 1 is as high as 80%. Many companies have turned to a variety of business methods, but limited by factors such as capital, technology, management and enterprise scale, the company's development is difficult, and even the debt is aggravated.

The experience and lessons of the last round of investment in biotechnology have prompted listed companies to focus on investing from the source of the industry and incubating projects. Gene is the industrial source of biotechnology, and the study of genome function is the commanding height of the development of biotechnology companies. Biochip and gene function research complement each other, which is not only the means of gene research, but also the industrial application of gene research results.