Xu Shen was born around 54 AD and died around 149 AD. His former residence is Xuzhuang Village, Jishi Township, Zhaoling District. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was called Wanli, which belonged to Zhaoling County, runan county. Therefore, the book of the Confucian scholars in the later Han Dynasty said: "Xu Shen, a word uncle, was also from Zhaoling, Runan, Eastern Han Dynasty."
The earliest and most influential dictionary
Shuozhi Jiezi, also known as Shuowen, was written by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This book was written in the second year of Yongyuan (100
It lasted 265,438+0 years, and it was not completed until the second year of Andi Jianguang (65,438+0,265,438+0 years). Xu Shen sent his son Xu Chongjiang here when he was ill.
This book is dedicated to the emperor.
Shuowen, formerly known as Zishu, is the first work to analyze glyphs and explain Chinese characters in the history of linguistics in China.
Dictionary of meaning and sound recognition. At the same time, it established a Chinese-style linguistics-literary linguistics-Shuowen.
This is Mocky's literary linguistics work. Soon after Shuowen was written, it was paid attention to by contemporary scholars.
For example, Zheng Xuan's annotation of Li San, Ying Shao and Jin Zhuo's annotation of Hanshu all quoted Shuowen to prove its meaning. Shuowen
It has a great influence on the formation and development of traditional linguistics, and the words such as words, phonology and exegesis mentioned in later generations are largely unknown.
Involved in the scope of Shuowen, Shuowen itself has formed a special discipline. Shuowen is systematic and complete.
The preservation of Xiao seal script and some seal scripts is a bridge for us to know more ancient characters-Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. The Commandments of Shuowen
Exegetics is an important basis for us to annotate and sort out ancient books today. So Shuowen still has great academic significance today.
Value and application value.
Such a masterpiece as Shuowen was produced in the dispute of Confucian classics. The dispute between Confucian Classics in modern literature and Confucian Classics in ancient literature was in the Han Dynasty.
The most important debate in the field of academic thought. The ancient books before Qin dynasty were written in six languages, and the Han dynasty was called six countries.
The text is "ancient prose", and the classics written in ancient prose are called ancient prose classics. Qin Shihuang put these out of the need of ignorant policy.
Ancient books such as poems and books written in ancient Chinese characters were set on fire. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, some old Confucian scholars recited the Five Classics.
Dictate to the disciple, and the disciple came down with the official secretary. Lishu is a popular script in Han dynasty, and it is called "golden inscription" in modern literature.
Scripture is called the present text. Later, classics written in ancient Chinese characters were discovered one after another.
In this way, the Confucian classics in Han Dynasty can be divided into modern Confucian classics and ancient Confucian classics.
The difference between the two schools lies not only in the different versions and characters of Confucian classics, but also in how to make Confucian classics.
Learn to serve feudal rule. Scholars like to explain Confucian classics far-fetched and preach superstitious divination;
Classical scholars in ancient China emphasized reading classics and truly understanding the essence of Confucianism. Therefore, they pay attention to exegesis of famous things and language.
True, simple and simple. Xu Shen belongs to the School of Classical Chinese Classics. He compiled Shuowen, using language as a weapon.
The political and academic influence of the study of China's ancient classics.
The book Shuowen has 9353 words, with 1 165+063 repeated words, which are attached to the end of orthography.
9353 words belong to 540 radicals respectively.
The outstanding contribution of Shuowen can be summarized as the following four points:
1. Establishing radicals is one of Xu Shen's great creations. Chinese characters express meaning through form, so for Chinese,
The job of Chinese character scientists is to analyze semantic symbols and classify all Chinese characters according to their semantic symbols.
It was first done by Xu Shen. Shuowen is divided into 540 parts, which can be combined and adjusted except for a few radicals.
Physically speaking, they are all reasonable and conform to the intention of word formation. Xu Shen painstakingly arranged the order of 540 sets, and put the physical phase.
Putting similar or similar books together is equivalent to dividing 540 books into several categories, which can help readers understand more deeply.
Semantic symbols to understand the meaning of words more correctly.
The arrangement of words belonging to various departments is not chaotic, but based on the principle of mutual compliance. Specifically, there are three
There are two situations: first, words with similar meanings are arranged together; Second, the meaning of a word is positive and it is negative.
Ranked lower; Third, proper nouns come first and common nouns come last.
The arrangement method of 540 radicals and each word in a book created by Xu Shen is from the perspective of philology, among which
This arrangement can better reflect the meaning connection between radicals and words, which is different from the retrieval angle of words in later generations.
The classification of parts and strokes is very different.
2. Interpret the original meaning. Before Xu Shen, scholars made comments on the classics, all of which were interpreted by text and annotated by words.
Meaning is basically the specific meaning and flexible meaning of this word in a certain language environment. Shuo Wen Xu Shen is tight.
Grasping the original meaning of words and only talking about the original meaning (due to historical limitations, the original meaning of individual words is incorrect) is undoubtedly waiting.
Yu grasped the core problem of word meaning, because all extended meanings and figurative meanings have mastered it on the basis of the original meaning.
Original meaning, we can control complexity simply, infer extended meaning and solve a series of problems about word meaning.
In addition, when Xu Shen interprets the original intention, he often adds descriptive and narrative language to help readers understand the original intention better.
Expand readers' knowledge and enrich the connotation and extension of the original meaning.
3. Analyze Chinese characters from three aspects: form, sound and meaning. Xu Shen first explains the meaning of each word, and then constructs the glyph.
If it is a pictophonetic character, the pronunciation is indicated when analyzing the glyph, and if it is a non-pictophonetic character, it is often read.
If, read and some equivalent ways to indicate pronunciation. Chinese characters belong to the ideographic writing system, which evolved from the original picture writing.
In this way, the meaning of words can be determined and confirmed through the analysis of glyphs, which is completely in line with the general laws of Chinese language and characters. And language
Sound is the material shell of language, and words are just symbols to record language. Xu Shen knew that "sound and meaning depend on each other" and "meaning is rich"
The principle of "sound", so Shuowen attaches great importance to the relationship between sound and meaning, and often uses sound clues to explain the origin of word meaning.
This provided the later exegetics scholars with the principle of seeking righteousness by sound.
4. Analyze Chinese characters with six books. Before Xu Shen, there was a legend that Cang Xie created characters based on six books. Modern linguists realize that
Because, Liu Shu is a summary of the laws of Chinese characters, not the patterns before Chinese characters came into being. Before Xu Shen, only
There are six kinds of book titles: pictographic characters, signifier characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, phonetic symbols, seal characters and borrowing words, which are not elaborated in detail, let alone used in a large space.
Quantitative analysis of Chinese characters. Xu Shen developed the theory of Six Books, clearly defined it and put it into practice, one by one.
This paper analyzes 9353 Chinese characters collected in Shuowen, which plays a connecting role in the history of Chinese character development and research.
The significance of the past, thus establishing the national style and characteristics of Chinese character research.
After the publication of Shuowen, the number of researchers has been increasing. The Qing Dynasty was the peak of the study of Shuowen. Theoretical research in Qing dynasty
There are no fewer than 200 writers, including dozens of experts. The study of Shuowen in Qing Dynasty can be divided into
Four categories: First, collation and textual research, such as Yan Kejun's Shuo Wen Jie Zi and Qian Dian's Shuo Wen Jie Zi.
Wait; Second, collate Shuowen, such as Wen Yi Yi written by Kong Guangju and Erlu People written by Yu Yue. that
Third, a comprehensive study of Shuowen, such as Duan Yucai's Shuowen Jiezi Note, Gui Fu's Shuowen Jiezi Zheng Ziyi,
Zhu's Shuo Wen Tong Xun, Wang Yun's Shuo Wen Ju Reading; Fourth, make up for the previous or contemporary scholars' right
The research works of Shuo Wen, such as Yan's Shuo Wen Xiao Wenyi and Wang Shaolan's Shuo Wen Ding Bu, etc. that
The third type is the most important, and it is also called the four masters of Shuowen in Qing Dynasty with Duan Yucai, Gui Fu, Zhu and Wang Yun. Four people
Among them, Duan Yucai and Zhu are the most prominent.
After the publication of Shuowen, it quickly attracted the attention of scholars at that time, and it was often quoted when commenting on classics.
Text ". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, scholars had a relatively complete and systematic understanding of Shuowen. Imperial examination in Tang dynasty
The exam stipulates that Shuowen should be tested. Since the Tang Dynasty, all the exegesis of word meaning in word books, rhyme books and annotation books have been based on this.
Shuowen
The early version of Shuowen is unknown, and the earliest record is Li in Tang Dynasty, who lived in Dali period.
Shuowen was published, but it was mixed with Li's hypothesis. The brothers Xu Xuan and Xu Kai of the Southern Tang Dynasty studied Shuo Wen, Xu
Kai's Shuowen Jiezi Zhuan is the first annotated version of Shuowen, which was written in the late Southern Tang Dynasty. That's Xiao and soso, right?
The fallacies that Li often corrects. During the reign of Emperor Yongxi, Xu Xuan ordered people to revise Shuowen in Song Taizong, which was called the Great Xu Ben in history. Besides,
Today, there is also a woody part of Shuowen written in the Tang Dynasty, with only 188 words. The study of Shuowen in Qing Dynasty is mostly based on Xu Ben.
Foundation, and at the same time to participate in shaw. Now, there are photocopies of Zhonghua Book Company.