1. Keep warm in cold areas in winter. It is more important to do a good job of cold protection and heat preservation in pig houses, especially in delivery houses and young pig houses. The cold-proof and heat-preservation measures for piggery are as follows:
(1) Do a good job in thermal insulation design of pigsty. In the enclosure structure of pigsty, the roof loses the most heat, so it is extremely important to set the ceiling. The thermal insulation material laid on the ceiling should have high thermal resistance, sufficient thickness and compaction. The heat dissipation of the wall is second only to the roof, and the ordinary red brick wall must be thick enough. Replacing common red bricks with hollow bricks or aerated concrete blocks or filling thermal insulation materials in hollow walls can improve the cold-proof and thermal insulation ability of pigsty. The pigsty with windows should be provided with double windows, and the north window and the west window should be set as little as possible. Adding a door bucket to the outer door can prevent cold air from entering the house directly. Although the heat loss on the ground is less than that of other external protective structures, it is of great significance to strengthen the thermal insulation capacity of the ground because pigs move directly on the ground. In order to facilitate the cleaning and disinfection of the pigsty and prevent the pigs from digging holes, the ground of the pigsty is mostly cement ground, but the cement ground is cold and hard, so you can add floors or grass in the pig sleeping area. Hollow bricks can also be used as insulation floors, but the cost is slightly higher.
(2) Strengthening winter cold prevention management The common winter cold prevention management measures are: closing the windows, sticking plastic films with good light transmission outside the windows, and wrapping cold blankets outside the doors before winter; Simple pigsty covered with plastic shed; Try to reduce the airflow speed during ventilation; Prevent indoor humidity; Lay thick mats; Appropriately increase the feeding density.
(3) When the pigsty heating still can't reach the required shed temperature after taking the above various cold-proof and heat-preservation measures, heating measures should be taken. The heating and thermal insulation of piggery can adopt centralized heating, decentralized heating and local thermal insulation methods. (1) Central heating means that the heat for piggery and domestic use is provided by the central boiler, and the temperature difference of various piggery is adjusted by the number of radiating fins. This heating method can save energy, but it has large investment and poor flexibility. (2) Decentralized heating is to install one or several civil heating stoves in the pigsty that needs heating to improve the temperature in the shed. This heating method is flexible, easy to control the greenhouse temperature, less investment, but inconvenient to manage. (3) Infrared lamps and electric heating plates can be used for local insulation. This method is simple and flexible, and only needs one power supply. Traditional local heat preservation methods also include thick bedding grass, building stoves and building firewalls. At present, small-scale pig farms and farmers still use these methods, which are not ideal, time-consuming and laborious, but economical.
2. The factors of heatstroke prevention and cooling environment are high temperature, strong solar radiation, low airflow speed and high air humidity. Under hot conditions, it is technically feasible to increase the non-evaporation heat dissipation of pigs by reducing the air temperature, but it is often not economically feasible. Therefore, measures such as protecting pigs from solar radiation, enhancing conduction heat dissipation (contact with cold objects), convection heat dissipation (making full use of natural gas flow or forced ventilation) and evaporation heat dissipation (water bath or spraying water on pigs) are generally adopted in production.
(1) sun shading and installation of shed and pigsty can take measures such as lengthening the eaves of the roof, installing horizontal or vertical sun shades along the windows, and adopting green sun shading. Climbing plants can also be planted through scaffolding to form a green pavilion on the south wall window and roof. When setting trees, the long axis should be configured in the east-west direction, and the area of trees should be larger than the projected area of trees. If the span is not large, the roof of the pavilion can adopt a single slope, which is low in the south and high in the north, so that the shadow area under the pavilion is large and the movement is small. The height of the pavilion is about 2.5 meters.
(2) The comprehensive influence of solar radiation and high temperature can be prevented or weakened by doing a good job in the thermal insulation design of the pigsty external protection structure. The thermal insulation design of piggery focuses on the roof, and measures can be taken to increase the thermal resistance of the roof, such as building a multi-storey roof, building a roof with an air interlayer, and selecting light-colored and smooth materials on the roof surface to enhance its ability to reflect sunlight.
(3) Ventilation in piggery The purpose of strengthening the ventilation in piggery is to dispel the heat energy generated in piggery, so that the heat will not accumulate in piggery and cause the temperature of piggery to rise, and at the same time, an appropriate airflow will be formed around the pig to promote the heat dissipation of the pig. The measures to strengthen ventilation are: setting anchor windows, large windows and ventilated roofs in naturally ventilated pig houses; The air inlets should be evenly arranged so that pigs everywhere can enjoy cool airflow; Reduce the span of the pigsty, so that it is easy to form a straight flow in the pigsty. When natural ventilation is insufficient, mechanical ventilation should be increased.
(4) Cooling of piggery It is generally uneconomical to use refrigeration equipment to cool piggery, so evaporation of water is often used to cool piggery in production. This measure is only applicable to dry and hot areas. Conditional pig farms can let pigs take a bath, and pig farms can build a rolling bath to let pigs take a bath; You can also spray water into the air of the pig body or pigsty, and achieve the purpose of cooling through the vaporization and heat absorption of water.
3. Ventilation piggery ventilation has two purposes. One is to increase airflow when the temperature is high to make pigs feel comfortable, thus alleviating the adverse effects of high temperature on pigs; Second, when the pigsty is closed, ventilation can exhaust the dirty air inside the pigsty and introduce fresh air outside the pigsty, thus improving the air environment inside the pigsty. The ventilation of pigsty can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.
(1) Natural ventilation in pigsty refers to the horizontal flow in pigsty by natural wind pressure or hot pressing without mechanical equipment. Natural ventilation is divided into two forms: ductless natural ventilation system and ducted natural ventilation system. Ductless ventilation refers to ventilation through open doors and windows, which is suitable for warm seasons in warm regions and cold regions. In the closed pigsty in cold season, due to the closed doors and windows, it is necessary to use special ventilation pipes for ventilation. Duct ventilation system includes intake pipe and exhaust pipe. The air inlet pipes are uniformly arranged on the longitudinal wall. In the south, the intake pipe is usually located under the wall, which is convenient for ventilation and cooling; In the north, the air inlet pipe should be located above the wall to avoid cold air blowing directly to the pigs. The part of the air inlet pipe outside the wall should be bent downward or set up a rice stall to prevent the direct invasion of cold air or precipitation. Exhaust pipes are staggered on the roof along the two sides of the pigsty roof, with the lower end starting from the ceiling and the upper end rising from the roof, with a height of 50-70 cm. The exhaust pipe should be double-layered, with insulation material sandwiched inside, and a hood should be set at the upper end of the pipe to prevent precipitation from falling into the house. Adjusting plates should be set on the intake pipe and exhaust pipe to control the air volume.
(2) Mechanical ventilation in pigsty refers to forced ventilation inside and outside pigsty with fan. There are three commonly used mechanical ventilation: positive pressure ventilation, negative pressure ventilation and combined ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation is a ventilation mode that fresh air outside the house is forced into the house by a fan to increase the indoor air pressure, and the dirty air inside the house is naturally discharged through an exhaust port (pipe). Negative pressure ventilation is to use a fan to draw out the dirty air in the house, so that the air pressure in the house is relatively lower than that outside, and fresh air flows into the house through the air inlet (pipeline), forming air exchange inside and outside the house. Mixed ventilation is a kind of ventilation mode that carries out mechanical air supply and mechanical exhaust at the same time. In winter in cold areas, there is a great contradiction between ventilation and cold protection and heat preservation, so this contradiction should be seriously considered and solved when ventilation is carried out.
4. Light not only affects the health and productivity of pigs, but also affects the working conditions of managers. The lighting of pigsty is mainly natural lighting, supplemented by artificial lighting.
(1) Natural illumination When the pigsty is naturally illuminated, the light mainly enters the shed through the window. Therefore, the key to natural lighting is to reasonably design the position, shape, quantity and area of windows, so as to ensure the daylighting standard of the pigsty and make the lighting in the pigsty as uniform as possible. In production, the windows of pigsty are usually designed according to the lighting coefficient (the ratio of the effective lighting area of the window to the ground area of pigsty), and the ratio of fat pigsty is 1: 12 ~ 15. The number, shape and layout of windows in piggery should be determined according to the local climatic conditions and the structural characteristics of piggery, taking into account factors such as cold prevention, heatstroke prevention and ventilation.
(2) Artificial illumination When natural illumination is insufficient, supplementary artificial illumination should be considered. Artificial lighting generally uses 40 ~ 50 watt incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, etc. The lights are 2 meters from the ground and arranged evenly at intervals of about 3 meters. When the pigsty has a large span, more than two rows of light bulbs should be installed, and the two rows of light bulbs should be staggered to make the light in the pigsty uniform.
5. The main pollutants in sewage piggery are the excrement discharged by pigs and production sewage. Pigs discharge a large amount of feces every day, and daily management also produces a lot of sewage. Therefore, setting up a reasonable sewage system and removing these pollutants in time is an important measure to prevent indoor humidity and maintain good air hygiene. There are generally two ways to discharge sewage from pigsty. One is to separate feces from sewage. Generally, solid fresh manure is removed manually, and another drainage pipe is set to discharge sewage (including urine) to the sewage pool outside the pigsty. This method is more suitable for cold areas in the north. It is required to remove the feces at any time as far as possible, otherwise it will be difficult to remove the feces mixed with sewage, or it will be discharged into the sewage pipeline and cause the drainage pipeline to be blocked. Another way is to remove feces and sewage at the same time, which is divided into water flushing and mechanical cleaning. If the water rushes, a leaky building and a cesspit should be built inside the house, and a cesspool should be built outside the house. The leaking floor can be made of reinforced concrete or metal, bamboo strips, etc. When feces and urine fall on the leaking floor, liquid will flow into the dung ditch under the ground from the gap, and solid feces will be stepped into the ditch by pigs. The manure ditch is located under the leaky floor, with a slope of 0.5% ~ 1.0% towards the septic tank, and the manure is washed into the septic tank outside the house with water. This method is not suitable for cold areas in the north, because it consumes a lot of water, which will cause humidity in the house and produce a lot of sewage, which is difficult to treat. Mechanical cleaning method basically uses scraper and other machinery to clean the feces to one end of the pigsty or directly to the outside of the pigsty.
6. The use of padding, also called bedding grass or mattress grass, refers to the material laid in a certain part of the pigsty (usually the pigsty). The padding has the functions of keeping warm, absorbing moisture, absorbing harmful gases, enhancing the comfort of pigs and keeping pigs clean. The gasket used should have the characteristics of low thermal conductivity, softness, non-toxicity and no irritation to the skin. At the same time, it requires sufficient sources and low cost. Common bedding materials are wheat straw, rice straw and sawdust. Packing should be changed frequently to keep it clean and dry.
Only under suitable environmental conditions can the production potential of pigs be fully exerted, and building pigsty is an important means to provide suitable environment for pigs. Only through reasonable pigsty design and effective environmental control measures can the environment of pigsty reach a good state and meet the needs of pigs for the environment.