1, paper title

Requirements are accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

2. Contents

A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

3. Platform for Action

It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and concise content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.

4. Keywords or subject words

Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract". Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

5. The text of the paper

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme. (2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents: a. Asking questions-arguments; B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments; C. solving problems-demonstrating methods and steps; D. conclusion.

Step 6 refer to

Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents". English: title-author-publication information (edition place, publishing house, publication date) English: author-title-requirements for references listed in publication information: (1) The references listed should be official publications for readers' textual research. (2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

Edit this paragraph format requirements

(1) title

1. Title specification Title should be concise, specific and accurate, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, indexing and retrieval. 2.3 proposal. Matters needing attention in English title writing ① English titles mainly appear in the form of phrases, especially noun phrases, that is, titles basically consist of one or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes; The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression. (2) Generally don't use declarative sentences, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title judgmental, not refined and not eye-catching. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refuting), the question can be used as the title, because the question has an exploratory tone and is easy to arouse the reader's interest. The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-material words can be omitted or changed. ④ Foreign sci-tech journals generally have restrictions on the number of words in titles, and some stipulate that titles should not exceed 2 lines, and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Some require that the title should not exceed 14 words. These regulations can be used for our reference. ⑤ In the English title of the paper. Don't use anything that can or can't be used.

(2) the author

1. The signature of the standard author is placed under the title, and the author of the group author can also be marked in the footer of the first page of the article. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article. For example: Wang Jun 1, Zhang Hong 2, Liuli 1. Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University100875; 2. Physics Department of Beijing Institute of Education 1000 1 1) 2. Precautions for translating the name of the author and his unit ① Don't abbreviate the name of the translation unit, and attach the address and postal code to ensure convenient contact. ② The names of translation units should be translated uniformly. (3) The author's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin, with a space in the middle after the surname, and all the letters of the surname are capitalized, and the surname is combined; The first letter of the first name is a capital letter, and a hyphen is added between the two names. The last name and the first name are not abbreviated. For example: Li Hua (Li Hua), Zhang Xi-He (Xihe Zhang) and Zhuge Ying (Zhuge Ying).

(3) Abstract

With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. For all kinds of full-text databases or abstract databases on the Internet, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents, which provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval databases. It is a comprehensive introduction to the paper, so that people can understand the main contents of the paper. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by abstract magazines or various databases without modification or slight modification, so that readers can know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the title, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers. Normative abstract of 1 It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete paper, which can be cited and popularized. 2. Precautions for writing an abstract ① Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction into the abstract, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper. (2) Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the paper in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced; The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) expounded in the paper can not be omitted, but should be written into short articles that can be used independently. Generally, it is not segmented, and continuous writing is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research. 3. Precautions for writing English abstracts The above precautions for writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, so special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts.

(4) Keywords

1. keywords are words or phrases that reflect the theme of the paper, usually arranged below the abstract, and the font size is different from the text. Generally, each article can choose 3~8 keywords, and multiple keywords are separated by semicolons, which are arranged from big to small according to the extension (conceptual scope) level of the entry. Keywords are generally noun words or phrases, and in some cases there are verb words or phrases. English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords should be marked. Chinese comes first, foreign language comes last. Chinese keywords are marked with "keywords:" or "[keywords]"; English keywords are marked with "keywords:". Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Thesaurus as far as possible; Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper. 2. Method of selecting keywords Generally, the method of selecting keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he chooses from its title, hierarchical title and text (high-frequency words and keywords).

(5) Text

1. In order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several small logical segments, and a small logical segment can contain one or several natural segments, so that the text forms several levels. The level of the paper should not be too much, generally not more than five levels. .

thank you

A scientific research achievement or technological innovation is often not accomplished by one person, but also needs the support and help of human, financial and material resources from all sides. So many papers have listed "thanks" at the end. I am mainly grateful for the help I got in the process of completing my thesis, which is a sign of humility and courtesy in academic circles.

7. References

Normalization and function of references In order to reflect the scientific basis of the article, the author respects the seriousness of other people's research results and provides readers with the source of relevant information, a list of references should generally be listed after the text. Citation should be based on original documents and first-hand information. All quotations from other people's opinions or words, whether published or not, whether printed or electronic, must indicate the source or be annotated. All references should be truthfully stated. The introduction, comments, quotations and annotations of existing academic achievements should be objective, fair and accurate. False labeling, forgery and tampering with documents are all academic misconduct. 1) Recording references can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper. 2) Recording references can easily distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors. 3) References can serve as an index. 4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper. 5) Recording references is helpful for scientific and technological information personnel to carry out information research and abstract quantitative research. A monographs, papers, dissertations and reports [serial number] are mainly responsible for. Document Title [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. [1] weeks. Interpretation of Zhouyi [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 1985.[2] Chen Song. 1985.[3] Chen. China historian culture and historical records [d]. Xi 'an: Institute of Literature, Shaanxi Normal University, 1992. [4] Bai Yongxiu, Liu Gan, Ren Baoping. Xi Research on the Cultivation and Development of Finance, Talents and Technology Markets [r].Xi An. 1998.b. Principal of periodical article [serial number]. File title [J]. Name, year and volume (issue) of the publication. [5] He Lingxiu. Read Gu Cheng's History of Nanming [J]. Historical Studies in China, 1998 (3). C. Collection precipitation document [serial number] The main person in charge of precipitation document. Title of precipitation document [a]. Primary owner of the original document (optional). Title of original certificate [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. [6] Qu Qiubai. Modern civilization and socialism [a]. 1990.d. Principal of newspaper article [serial number]. File title [n]. Name and publication date (edition) of the newspaper. [7] Xie Xide. New ideas of creative learning. People's Daily, 1998- 12-25 (65438 standard name [s]). English (example): [0 1] Brown, H.D. Teaching principle: an interactive language teaching method [m]. Director prentiss Hall, 1994. Situational cognition and learning culture [J]. Educational researcher, 1, 1989. Chris, Didi. Evolution of Constructivism Learning Environment: Immersed in Distributed Virtual World [J]. Educational Technology, September to 10, 1995. [04] Hymes, D. On communicative competence [M]. Pride; J. Holmes (editor) Sociolinguistics Hammonds Voss: Penguin, 1972. [05] L.E. Salbo. Cross-cultural communication [M]. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Trading Book, 1988. [06] Bohr, A. Classroom evaluation [J]. English teaching forum, 1997. Jenny, Thomas. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-1. [08] William Goody Kunst. Cross-cultural communication theory [M]. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Bar, 1983. Basis of periodical identification symbol: Data Specification for Retrieval and Evaluation of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) -CAJ-CD B/T 1- 1998 issued by the State Press and Publication Administration. A- Academic papers on theoretical and applied research (including summary report) B- Reports on practical technical achievements (science and technology), theoretical study and social practice summary (social science) C- Articles on business guidance and technical management (including leaders' speeches and special comments, etc.). D- general dynamic information (newsletters, reports, meetings, interviews, etc.). ) electronic documents and materials (.

Edit the binding of this piece of paper

All relevant parts of the paper were copied out. After inspection, there is no problem. Put it in the book and add a cover. The cover of the paper should be concise and generous, and the title, school, department, instructor's name, author's name and completion date should be written. The author's name of the thesis topic must be written on the surface, not on the supplementary page inside. Binding sequence: 1. Cover 2. Content 3. Executive summary 4. Text 5. Conclusion 6 references 7. Back cover.

Edit the related phrases in this paragraph

thesis

[Pinyin] [Lü nWé n] A paper; Thesis; An essay; A paper

thesis

Graduation thesis; dissertation

doctoral dissertation

A summary of an article; Thesis outline) oral defense

Term report

Term paper

Academic paper

A paper; Thesis; Research papers; scientific paper

monograph

Monographs; A paper

Monographs

seminar

Edit the paper type in this paragraph.

In order to explore and master the writing rules and characteristics of papers, it is necessary to classify papers. Because the content and nature of the paper itself are different, the research fields, objects, methods and expressions are different, and the classification methods of the paper are also different. Papers can be divided into theoretical papers, experimental papers, descriptive papers and design papers according to the nature of content and research methods. There is also a comprehensive classification, which divides papers into four categories: thematic, argumentative, comprehensive and comprehensive:

1. monograph

Based on the analysis of previous research results, this paper expresses opinions in the form of direct discussion and puts forward academic problems of a certain subject from the front.

2. Argumentative essay

This is a paper aimed at others' views on an academic problem of a certain subject, with sufficient arguments, focusing on exposing its shortcomings or mistakes, and expressing opinions through debate.

Step 3 summarize the paper

This is a kind of paper that introduces or comments on an academic problem of a certain subject on the basis of summarizing the research results of predecessors or present people to express their opinions.

4. Comprehensive thesis

This is a paper written by organically combining summary and demonstration.

Edit this academic year paper

Academic paper is an academic paper that colleges and universities require students to complete every academic year, and it is a primary form of academic paper. Its purpose is to guide students to learn to conduct scientific research on the professional knowledge they have learned in a school year. Write an article every academic year to gradually cultivate students' scientific research ability and lay the foundation for writing graduation thesis in the future. Writing academic papers should be carried out under the guidance of a tutor.

purpose

From the second semester of the third year to the last semester of the fourth year, students must practice writing academic papers (professional research reports, audit cases or engineering management practices) in combination with their own professional courses as an important link to comprehensively improve the quality of undergraduates. Its purpose is: 1. Cultivate students' ability to comprehensively apply the theories and methods they have learned and analyze and solve a theoretical and practical problem in practice; 2. Through the investigation and comparative analysis of a subject in the process of audit or project management, we can further understand the actual situation of China's economic management and consolidate, enrich and deepen the professional theoretical knowledge we have learned in the combination of theory and practice; 3. By learning to write academic papers, master the methods and means of investigation and data collection, be familiar with the basic norms and writing methods of academic papers, and master the case writing techniques.

ask

According to the requirements of the professional training plan, the third-year or fourth-year undergraduate students should complete a research paper at the end of the semester (encourage writing investigation reports, empirical analysis or writing cases). Students should fully collect relevant information and materials according to their chosen topics, conduct serious analysis and argumentation, think independently, form their own opinions and opinions, and then write academic papers accordingly, laying the foundation for writing graduation papers. Papers should not be less than 3000 Chinese characters per academic year.

criteria for evaluation

(a) excellent (90- 100) 1, comprehensive use of theoretical knowledge and related methods and skills. 2. Close contact with audit or project management practice, correct and comprehensive analysis of problems, with certain theoretical depth and originality, has certain practical significance for practical work or academic research. 3. The center of the paper is prominent, the arguments are sufficient, the data are reliable, the levels are clear, the logic is clear, and the text structure is rigorous. 4. The original data is complete and can be processed by scientific methods. (2) Good (80-89 points) 1. Correctly understand and apply theoretical knowledge and related methods and skills. 2. Better contact with the practice of audit or project management, and analyze the problems correctly and comprehensively, which has certain reference function for practical work or academic research. 3. The center of the paper is clear, the arguments are sufficient, the data are basically reliable, the levels are clear, and the sentences are fluent. 4. The original materials are basically complete and can be well processed and sorted. (3) Medium (70-79 points) 1. Basic mastery of theoretical knowledge and related methods and skills. 2. Be able to contact the actual audit or project management work, and analyze the problems with certain persuasiveness. 3. The sentences are fluent, the main data are basically reliable, and there are certain arguments. There are some original materials, but they are not comprehensive enough, and the processing and sorting are also very poor. (4) Pass (60-69 points) 1. Basically master the theoretical knowledge, methods and skills learned. 2. I can also get in touch with the practice of auditing or project management and have some analysis and textual research on the issues discussed. 3. The sentences are fluent, the main data are basically reliable, and there are certain arguments. 4. Incomplete original data and poor processing. (5) Failing (below 59 points) is judged as failing in any of the following terms: 1. There are principled mistakes in theory, and I have not mastered the theoretical knowledge, methods and skills I have learned. 2. The paper lacks the center, the level is vague, the main arguments are lacking, or the arguments, arguments and conclusions are contradictory and the expression is not smooth. 3. The basic content is plagiarism. 4. The original data is incomplete, the main data is distorted or outdated, and the processing is poor.

material composition

1, cover; 2, guidance record table 3, comments and grades table 4, the text of the academic year paper

Edit this paper.

An academic thesis written by a degree applicant is called a degree thesis. This kind of thesis is an important condition for evaluating whether an applicant can be awarded a degree. Degree applicants will be awarded if they can pass the required course examinations and pass the thesis examination and defense. If an applicant for a degree passes the course examination, but his thesis is rated as unqualified in the defense, then he will not be awarded a degree. A graduation thesis that is qualified to apply for a degree and written for it is called a dissertation and a bachelor's degree thesis. A bachelor's degree thesis is both a degree thesis and a graduation thesis.

Edit this academic paper

People's Republic of China (PRC) VDC 00 1.8 1 and CB 77 13-87 define academic papers as: academic papers are the knowledge and scientific records of an academic discipline with new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas in experiments, theories or observations; Or apply the known principles to the scientific summary of the new progress made in practice for reading, communication or discussion at academic conferences; Or published in academic journals; Or written documents for other purposes. In the field of social sciences, people usually refer to papers expressing scientific research achievements as academic papers. Academic papers have four characteristics: ① academic; ② scientific; ③ Creativity; 4 theoretical.

First, it is scientific.

The scientific nature of academic papers requires the author not to be influenced by personal likes and dislikes, and not to make subjective assumptions. He must proceed from objective reality and draw practical conclusions. In terms of arguments, we should grasp as much information as possible and take the most sufficient and conclusive arguments as the basis of arguments. When demonstrating, we must go through careful thinking and conduct rigorous argumentation.

Second, creativity.

Scientific research is the exploration of new knowledge. Innovation is the life of scientific research. The creativity of academic papers lies in the author's unique insights and ability to put forward new ideas and theories. This is because the essence of science is revolutionary and unorthodox. "The scientific method is mainly a means to discover new phenomena and formulate new theories, and the old scientific theories will inevitably be overthrown by the new ones." (Stephen Mei Sen) Therefore, without creativity, academic papers have no scientific value.

Third, in theory.

Academic papers are argumentative in form, but they are different from ordinary argumentative papers. It must have its own theoretical system, not just a list of materials. To raise perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, we need to analyze and study a large number of facts and materials. Generally speaking, academic papers are argumentative or argumentative. The content of the paper must conform to historical materialism and materialist dialectics, and to the scientific research methods of "seeking truth from facts", "aiming at the target" and "analyzing and synthesizing".

Fourth, popularity.

It means to express scientific truth in plain language, not only literally, but also accurately, vividly, harmoniously and vividly. The composition of a paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. The order of each composition is: title, author, abstract, keywords, English title, English abstract, English keywords, text, references, appendix and thanks.

Edit this paragraph publishing process

1, the process of publishing a paper. Submission-review-notification of manuscript use-handling related expenses-publishing-mailing sample journals. Generally, the author should know the periodicals first, and then find a way to submit them. Some journals require written submission. Most of them are in the form of electronic manuscripts. 2. The review time for published papers is one week for general journals (provincial and national) and 14-20 days for high-quality magazines. The review time of core journals is generally 4 months, and it has to go through three procedures: preliminary review, review and final review. 3. Effective issues in the publication of papers. According to national regulations, a paper must be published in a regular CN journal to be effective. However, some colleges and universities have lower requirements, and papers can be published in the form of supplements before the postgraduate entrance examination. 4. The level of periodicals. The state has never divided periodicals into different levels. However, each unit will generally divide periodicals into provincial-level periodicals and national-level periodicals according to the level of periodical authorities. Provincial periodical authorities are provincial units. The competent department of national periodicals is a national department or a directly affiliated department.