This paper introduces the development process of China architecture, the aesthetic characteristics of ancient architecture and the influence of ancient feudal system on China architecture.
Key words: architectural aesthetics, aesthetic features, traditional culture of China, architectural features of past dynasties in China, and natural harmony of ancient villages in southern Anhui.
China has a long history of architecture and brilliant achievements. The square or round shallow caves excavated from Banpo site in Shaanxi have a history of six or seven thousand years. The Great Wall, built on a high mountain and winding in Wan Li, is a miracle in the history of human architecture. Anji Bridge, built in Zhao County, Hebei Province in Sui Dynasty, has long been at the forefront of bridge science in the world in terms of the perfect combination of technology and art; The existing wooden tower of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is as high as 67. 1 m, which is the highest existing wooden structure in the world. The Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties is the largest, beautifully built and well-preserved large-scale building complex in the world. As for the classical gardens in China, its unique artistic style makes it a pearl in China's heritage. This series of existing buildings with superb technology, exquisite art and unique style is unique in the architectural history of the world and is an important part of the splendid culture of ancient China. They are like history books with stone carvings, which let us relive the history and culture of our motherland and inspire our patriotic enthusiasm and national self-confidence. At the same time, they are also an art for people to watch and enjoy with beauty.
From the images of ancient buildings in ancient documents and paintings to the existing ancient buildings, the plane layout of ancient buildings in China has a concise organizational law, that is, every building such as residence, palace, government office and temple is a courtyard surrounded by several single buildings, some cloisters and walls. Generally speaking, most courtyards are connected in series, reaching the backyard through the front yard, which is the product of China's feudal society's thought of "orderly aging, different inside and outside".
This courtyard-style group and layout are generally designed symmetrically along the longitudinal axis (also known as the front and rear axis) and the horizontal axis. The more important buildings are placed on the vertical axis, and the secondary houses are placed on its left and right sides on the horizontal axis. The group layout of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the northern quadrangles is the typical example that best embodies this principle of group layout. This layout is closely related to the patriarchal clan system and the ethical code system in China feudal society. According to the feudal patriarchal clan system and hierarchical concept, it is most convenient to make a clear distinction between generations, generations, men and women, masters and servants in housing.
Compared with European ancient architectural art, the aesthetic value and political and ethical value of China ancient architecture are highly unified; Rooted in profound traditional culture, it shows a distinct humanistic spirit; Holiness and comprehensiveness. The specific performance is as follows:
(A) pay attention to the overall management of the environment
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of overall management of the built environment. China's theory of geomantic omen originated very early. Apart from wearing the cloak of superstition, it mostly emphasized the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of urban ontology and surrounding environment. Xianyang, Qin is a super-scale urban environment, starting from Sakan in the north, running through the Weihe River in the middle and reaching Nanshan in the south. At the peak, it is 200-300 miles from east to west. Important scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , also put environmental management in the first place; Mausoleum area pays more attention to geomantic geography. Most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.
(2) Single image grouping sequence
In ancient China, the form of single buildings was relatively simple, and most of them were stereotyped. Isolated single buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, and the artistic effect of buildings mainly depends on the group sequence. A temple, as a foil in the sequence, will not be too big, and its image may be relatively dull, but if it is the main body, it may be very tall.
(C) the unity of structural technology and artistic image
The wood structure system of ancient buildings in China has strong adaptability. This system consists of four columns, two beams and two beams, which form a basic framework called a compartment. Compartments can be connected left and right, front and back, overlapped up and down, combined at will, or modified into octagon, hexagon, circle, fan or other shapes. There are two kinds of roof frames: lifting beam type and bucket type. In either case, the roof can be made into an arc shape without changing the frame system, and the cornices can be made up at the corners of the house, and the styles such as double eaves, hooks, interspersed and hanging can also be made. The artistic modeling of single building mainly depends on the flexible collocation of rooms and multi-style arc roofs. In addition, the components of the wood structure are convenient for carving and painting, so as to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient buildings in China is also manifested as structural beauty to a great extent.
Standardization, diversification and unity
The buildings in China are mainly made of wood. In order to facilitate the manufacture, installation, work estimation and material calculation of components, it is inevitable to standardize components, which also promotes the modularization of design. The standardization of architecture promotes the unity of architectural style and ensures that every building can reach a certain artistic level. The single buildings in ancient China seem to have changed a little, but the group combination is varied, because of the high unity of standardization and diversification.
Cultural Characteristics of China Architecture
China's ancient architecture grew and developed in the soil of China's ancient traditional culture, with distinctive national cultural characteristics.
Compared with foreign architecture, China's ancient architecture is more humanistic. Although the formal language of buildings is very abstract, they are usually described as majestic, tall, light and beautiful. However, the ancestors gave it human meaning. For example, different roofs, plaques and couplets have different meanings, symbolizing different social meanings and grades. By reading the annotations of ancient buildings, we can understand the connotation much richer than the building itself.
The ancient architecture in China is based on "emptiness" in plane and space, which brings a kind of elasticity. People can change their shape and function with the use process, and can disassemble, move and move at will.
Most foreign buildings attach great importance to form and appearance, while some ancient buildings in China are simple in appearance, such as quadrangles, but their visual and psychological feelings and connotations are extremely rich after entering the courtyard. Another example is the Suzhou Garden, which is also tortuous and has a hole in the sky.
A colorful artistic image
Architecture is not only a technical science, but also an art. After long-term efforts, the ancient architecture in China absorbed the characteristics of other traditional arts in China, especially the plastic arts such as painting, sculpture and arts and crafts, and created colorful artistic images, and formed many characteristic and decorative roofs in this respect.
, the application of film building, and so on.
Based on the cultural spirit of high harmony between China and nature, we love and respect nature. The building embedded in nature seems to be an organic part of nature, which is different from other building systems in that it emphasizes the contrast between man-made and nature. This is evident in all types of buildings in China.
I can't understand the beauty of architecture when I don't study architectural aesthetics. After listening to the class, I gradually understand that the architecture of China should be viewed as a whole, and the overall structure is like the beauty of ancient villages in southern Anhui. The site selection, layout and architectural form of Xidi and Hongcun are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. Xidi and Hongcun's unique water systems are examples of water conservancy projects that combine practicality and aesthetics, especially the ox-shaped water system in Hongcun, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in utilizing and transforming nature.