Information literacy refers to users' awareness, attitude and concept of participating in information activities and consciously applying information technology, as well as their ability to acquire, identify, process, transmit and create information and solve practical problems with information by using modern science and technology represented by computer and its network technology in the process of learning and growth. It includes strong information consciousness, systematic information concept and comprehensive information ability.
2. Concepts and interrelationships of information, knowledge and literature?
Information is the universal relationship attribute of matter, and it is the external expression of the existence mode, movement law and characteristics of matter.
Knowledge is the sum of knowledge and experience gained by people in the practice of transforming the world, and it is a systematic collection of information that people's brains recombine through thinking.
Literature is the carrier of all recorded knowledge. Words, images, symbols, audio and video, as recording means, record or describe information on a certain material carrier, which has its specific manifestations and can play the role of storing and disseminating information, intelligence and knowledge.
Through the above analysis of information, knowledge and literature, we can think that information is all the motion states and their reports in the universe. Information is produced all the time in the universe. It is through obtaining these different information that people know different things and produce new knowledge. Knowledge is human information that has been processed by human brain thinking and become orderly. Literature is a kind of materialized knowledge record, which is recognized by people and can be operated for a long time. Literature is also a medium for storing and transmitting knowledge and information, and the logical relationship between them is inclusion.
3. What are the elements of literature? What types of files are there?
Literature is mainly composed of four basic elements: information content, carrier materials, information symbols and recording methods.
Literature types mainly include: books, newspapers, special literature, microfilm, machine-readable literature, audio-visual materials, stereoscopic image materials and CD-ROM materials.
4. What is information retrieval? What is the relationship between information retrieval and document retrieval?
Information retrieval refers to the process of organizing and storing information in a certain way and finding out relevant information according to the needs of information users, so its full name is also called "information storage and retrieval", which is information retrieval in a broad sense. Narrow information retrieval only refers to the second half of the process, that is, the process of finding the needed information from the information set, which is equivalent to what people usually call information search.
The significance and function of information retrieval is mainly to effectively improve the efficiency of information retrieval and utilization. For college students, literature information retrieval is one of the basic skills and methods to cultivate students' ability, among which the most important is the cultivation of self-study, research, thinking, expression and organization and management, which is an indispensable work in scientific research.
5. Briefly describe the principle of information retrieval.
Indexing information units according to certain rules and methods. When searching, users choose a concept group to form a retrieval formula describing the characteristics of the required information, and then compare and match the retrieval formula with the indexed information units by using certain technology, and finally find out the one with high matching degree as the retrieval result and send it to users.
6. What is a computer information retrieval system, which consists of several parts?
Computer information retrieval system is a combination of hardware resources, system software and retrieval software used for information retrieval. It can store a large amount of information and classify, catalog or index information items (basic information units with specific logical meanings). It can extract specific information from the stored information set according to the user's requirements, and provide the ability to insert, modify and delete some information.
A complete information retrieval system usually consists of several organic parts, such as information source, information organization and management, system function, user interface and system support technology.
7. What are the computer information retrieval technologies?
Computer retrieval technology: Boolean retrieval, vector space retrieval, fuzzy set retrieval, probability retrieval, full-text retrieval, developing towards hypertext retrieval and intelligence.
8. What are the types of retrieval languages in terms of appearance and content characteristics? A simple search formula is given for different features.
(1) The retrieval language describing the external features of information includes title (title of book, name of publication, title of article), name of author/unit, published item, code/serial number (such as patent number, report number, standard number), etc. If you search "Water Margin", you will search the title.
(2) The retrieval languages that describe the characteristics of information content include classified language and topic language, and topic language can be divided into keyword language, unit word language, title word language and narrative word language; If you type "bridge" in the search bar, bridge is the key word.
9. Why create a "retrieval language"? What types does it have? Compare the advantages and disadvantages of classified language and topic language.
Retrieval language is an artificial language, which is compiled to exchange document indexing and document retrieval. It is also a channel connecting the indexer and the searcher's thoughts in the two processes of information storage and retrieval. It is a recognized document indexing and retrieval language. If there is no retrieval language as the same language for indexers and searchers, then when they need the same document information content, it will be difficult for indexers to express the document information content in the same way as searchers, and information retrieval will not be realized smoothly. Therefore, the purpose of compiling retrieval language is not only to ensure the consistency of different indexing words describing the characteristics of documents, but also to ensure the consistency of retrieval questioning words and document indexing words. In order to link storage with retrieval, the concept expressed by retrieval language should be unique. That is, the concept of expression corresponds to the thing to be expressed one by one, so as to minimize the phenomenon of polysemy or polysemy and make it monosyllabic in the retrieval system.
(1) according to the nature and principle of the logo1; 2) Classifying languages; 3) code language; 2) Divide1according to the characteristics of expression documents; And a search language that expresses the external features of documents.
Comparison of advantages and disadvantages: 1 Classification language refers to a retrieval language which takes numbers, letters or the combination of letters and numbers as basic characters, uses direct hyphenation and dot (or other symbols) as separators, takes basic categories as basic vocabulary, and expresses complex concepts with the subordination of categories. The information processing method of describing and expressing information content with knowledge attributes is called classification. Well-known classifications include International Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Book Classification, International Patent Classification Table, Chinese Library Book Classification and so on. 2. Topic language Topic language refers to a retrieval language with natural language characters, noun terms as basic vocabulary and a group of noun terms as retrieval marks. The information processing method of describing and expressing information content in topic language is called topic method. Topic language can be divided into headline words, meta words, narrative words and keywords.
10. What is the main difference between traditional retrieval technology and network retrieval technology?
Difference: Internet retrieval is faster, using the Internet as the medium. With more information, the capacity of online database is almost unlimited, which is more promising.
1 1. What are the grades of China standard? What symbols are used respectively?
At present, China's standard system is divided into four levels: national standards, industry standards, local standards and enterprise standards.
The national standard code is GB, the recommended standard is GB/T, and other recommended standards are similar. There are about 70 industry standards, all with two letters. The local standard code is DBXX, and the standard format of the enterprise standard code is Q/XX. XX can also be three digits, and it is recommended not to exceed four digits.
12. What are the meanings of novelty, creativity and practicality of patents, and what are the types of patents protected in China?
The novelty of a patent means that before the filing date, no identical invention or utility model was published in domestic and foreign publications, used in China or known to the public in other ways, and no identical invention or utility model was filed with the patent administration department of the State Council by others and recorded in the patent application documents published after the filing date.
Creativity of patent means that under the condition of novelty, different technologies actually have no unexpected technical effect. In short, the difference between them is not obvious and the effect is not improved.
Practicality of patent: refers to the degree of understanding of practice when theory or viewpoint is put forward.
There are three kinds of patents protected in China, namely invention patents, utility model patents and design patents.
13( 14), characteristics of patent documents, structure of patent specification.
Characteristics of patent literature: 1) Patent literature is a huge and extensive strategic information resource, which integrates technical, legal and economic information. 2) Patent documents disseminate the latest technical information. 3) The format of patent documents is standardized and highly standardized, with a unified classification system, which is convenient for retrieval, reading and informatization. 4) The disclosure of inventions and creations in patent documents is complete and detailed.
Structure of patent specification: A. Name of invention or utility model. B. the technical field to which the invention or utility model belongs. C. Existing technology and background technology D. Month of invention or utility model. E. the technical scheme of the invention or utility model. Advantages, characteristics or positive effects of the invention or utility model compared with the prior art. H. implementation plan or specific implementation. I. If the application involves microorganisms, the document should also indicate the characteristics, classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, and indicate the Latin name.
15, the classification method of patent literature, the structure of classification number, and the purpose of patent retrieval.
Patent literature adopts the principle of combining function (the basic function of invention) with application (the purpose of invention), with function as the main classification. In hierarchical form, the technical contents are classified step by step according to sections, segments, classes, subclasses, main groups and subgroups, forming a complete classification system. Classification number structure composition: the main group grouping of parts and subcategories.
Purpose of patent retrieval: The purpose of patent retrieval is to efficiently collect the latest patent information, get a glimpse of the current development of related technologies, shorten the investment of R&D funds and time by referring to other people's research results, and avoid infringing other people's patents. In addition, the obtained patent technology information can be used to judge the business direction, technical level and market layout of other enterprises, so as to formulate correct coping strategies. Know yourself and yourself, and you can win in the competition in the shopping mall. Generally speaking, patent retrieval can help R&D personnel and enterprises to track the development trend of technology, plan the direction of R&D and formulate market competition strategies.
What are meeting documents? What retrieval tools are used to find the information of various foreign academic conferences?
1. Meeting documents are an extremely effective and important channel for transmitting and obtaining scientific and technological information.
2. Search tools: China Knowledge Network, full-text database of important conference papers in China, and Wan Fang Data, abstract database of academic conference papers in China? China Academic Conference Online Internet Conference Preview European Research Conference ISO Standardization Conference Preview Medical Conference Query
7. Explain the types and collection characteristics of foreign language databases imported or purchased by our library.
Type: 1)EBSCOhost? System full-text database 1, academic journals comprehensive full-text database 2, commercial resources comprehensive full-text database? 3. Communication and mass media database 4. Newspaper resource library? 5. Education full-text periodical database?
2) Features 2)Springerlink electronic journals and books: EBSCOhost has more than 60 databases, more than 65,438+00 full-text databases and other databases, covering comprehensive science, commerce, management, finance, medicine, education, military, agriculture, humanities and other aspects. Among them, the comprehensive full-text database of academic journals and the comprehensive full-text database of commercial resources are one of the earliest database varieties organized by CALIS Group, which have been familiar and used by many universities in China. Springerlink can access more than 1850 kinds of periodicals, among which more than 1 150 kinds of full-text periodicals can be accessed, of which more than 95% are English periodicals, many of which are English core periodicals, which have been included in the famous secondary literature service and found in ISI? The influence factor of SCI is very high.
18. What are the characteristics and types of network resources? The role of search engines.
Features: Define mass from the content. There are many kinds. Open in assignment. Relevance of content. Formally define the nonlinearity of arrangement. Interaction in use. The dynamic nature of update. Definition * * * The enjoyment of public utility resources. Timeliness of resources. Resource transfer. Selectivity of resources. Resource appreciation.
Category: Content Center mode. Distributed resource system. Subject resource pool model.
The functions of search engine: A, basic search function A, Boolean logic operator B, word truncation operator C, word position operator D, restricted search B, other search functions A, natural language search B, multilingual search C, concept search D and filtering search.
19. Marking format when writing "standard documents, patent documents, dissertations and research reports" as reference documents.
(1) patent documents: serial number, patent applicant, patent country, patent document type, patent number and publication date.
(2) Technical bid: the person responsible for drafting the serial number. Standard Code Standard Serial Number-The standard name of the release year. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
(3) Dissertation: serial number author. Title: [Paper]. Save location: save, year.
(4) Conference paper: serial number, author, title, conference name, conference place and conference year.
20. What parts do academic papers generally consist of? What is the writing standard of each part?
(1) Title, Title) It is required that the title of a paper is accurate, appropriate and concise, with appropriate extension and connotation, which is eye-catching.
(2) The author's name and department can be roughly divided into two situations: single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit.
(3) The abstract text must be very concise and the content should be comprehensively summarized. Generally, the length is limited to no more than 5% of the number of words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words. Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation.
(4) Keywords keywords belong to the category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words. Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things through the characteristic relationship of concepts, express them in natural language, and have collocation function to accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.
(5) Introduction The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words.
(6) The text requires this part to be substantial, with sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle).
(VII) The writing requirements of the conclusion part are: strict wording, strict logic and specific words. Like legal clauses, they are usually listed as clauses in the order of 1, 2, 3. Don't exaggerate in ........................................................................................................, and pay attention to the contents that are not completely determined.
(8) The statement of thanks can be placed after the text.
(9) The labeling method of cited documents in the text of reference monographs can adopt sequential coding system or "author-publication year" system.
2 1, short answer: the connotation of three retrieval tools: SCI, Ei and ISTP.
SCI is the abbreviation of American Science Citation Index, which is called Science Citation Index. Is one of the world's three retrieval systems (EI, SCI, ISTP), compiled by the American Institute of Scientific Information, ISI) 196 1 is a world-famous periodical literature retrieval tool, which was founded according to the citation idea put forward by modern information scientist Engene Garfield1953. All the papers in SCI are selected from the huge ISI natural science database (SCI database), and the literature source of this database is mainly periodicals. It includes natural sciences such as mathematics, science, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, medicine, life science, astronomy, geography, environment, materials and engineering technology published all over the world. The selected publications come from 94 categories, more than 40 countries and many languages. These countries mainly include the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, France, Japan, Canada and so on. , including a certain number of China publications, including a small number of monographs.
EI's EngineeringIndex (EI), 1884, published by American Engineering Information Company, reports periodicals, conference papers, scientific reports and other documents of various disciplines of engineering technology.
ISTP index of scientific conference proceedings &; TechnicalProceedings (ISTP), also published by ISI, was founded in 1978, reporting the conference papers of the annual scientific and technological conferences held around the world.
22. What are the main types and characteristics of scientific and technological reports?
The main types of scientific and technological reports:
1) can be divided into two categories: basic theoretical research and engineering technology.
2) According to the form, it can be divided into: technical report (TR), technical notes (TN), technical papers (TP), technical memorandum (TM), briefing, technical translation (TT), contractor's report (CR), special publications (SP), others (such as conference publications, teaching publications, reference publications, patent application specifications and statistical data).
3) According to the research progress, it can be divided into primary report, progress report, intermediate report and final report.
4) According to the circulation scope, it can be divided into: top secret report, secret report, confidential report, restricted release report, unclassified report and declassified report. Most confidential scientific and technological reports belong to the military, national defense industry and cutting-edge technological achievements.
Characteristics of scientific and technological reports
1. Rapid reflection of new scientific and technological achievements: Due to special publishing institutions and distribution channels, scientific research achievements are usually published in the form of scientific and technological reports about one year earlier than periodicals.
2. The content is novel, profound and specific: most of the topics reported in the science and technology report involve the latest research results of cutting-edge science, and the discussion on the problem research includes the selection and comparison of various research schemes, various data and charts for reference, and practical experiences of success and failure. And the content is very specific.
3. Category and quantity: Science and technology reports cover almost the whole field of science and technology, as well as social science, behavioral science and some humanities. According to statistics, more than 1 10,000 scientific and technological reports are published every year in the world. Among them, the United States is the largest, accounting for about 83.5%, followed by Britain, accounting for 5%, and Germany and France each account for 1.5%. In addition, Japan, the Soviet Union, Canada and other countries also have a certain number of scientific and technological reports.
4. Unique publishing form: each scientific and technological report is an independent technical document with a specific theme, published in a separate volume and published in the form of a single book. But the same unit, the same system or the same type of scientific and technological reports have serial numbers, and each report has a serial number. There is generally no fixed publishing cycle for scientific and technological reports, and the number of pages ranges from 8900 pages to at least a few pages. Except for some technical reports that can be ordered directly, most of them are not released publicly.
23, the so-called intellectual property rights and patent documents? What is the format of the patent specification?
Intellectual property refers to the exclusive rights enjoyed by citizens or legal persons in intellectual creation or innovation activities according to law, also known as "intellectual achievement right" and "intangible property right", which mainly includes industrial property rights composed of invention patents, trademarks and industrial designs, as well as copyrights (copyrights) composed of works such as natural science, social science, literature, music, drama, painting, sculpture, photography and movies.
Patent documents are the general name of published or unpublished documents (or abstracts), which contain information about the research, design, development and test results of discoveries, inventions, utility models and industrial designs that have been applied for or confirmed, as well as information about protecting the rights of inventors, patentees and holders of industrial designs and utility model registration certificates.
Format: 1, China patent application number, without prefix CN, and the digits after decimal point can be omitted. 2 China Patent Publication (Announcement) No.,including the CN prefix, without the last category code letter. The above format is completely consistent with the patent website of China National Intellectual Property Administration.
24. What are the types of patents? What are the basic conditions for invention patents?
Type: divided into invention patents, utility model patents and appearance patents.
The basic requirement of an invention patent is that no one has applied for the thing you applied for, and there is nothing similar to what you want to apply for in the market. It must be something that hasn't been applied for. It is new.
25. Patented (patent number: ZL94 109488). x)。 Check it online. See if you can get the full text.
Application number: 94 109488. X
Medium and small
top of form
Form bottom
Apply for a prospectus? Page (15)
Approval authorization statement? Page (15)
Application number:? 94 109488.x application date:? 1994.08.24
Name:? Portable intelligent trace element analyzer
Public? Open? (announcement)? No.:? CN 1 1 18067 release date (announcement):? 1996.03.06
Lord? Integral? Class? No.:? G0 1N27/27 Original application number:?
Integral? Class? No.:? G0 1N27/27
Awards? Certificate date:? Excellent? First of all? Right?
Applicant (patent right):? China Geo University (Wuhan)
Land? Address:? Wuhan, Hubei province
Send? Ming? (design) person:? Laynamor's F; Xiao Ying was founded? International application:
International announcement:? Date of entry:?
Patents? Agent? Institution:? On behalf of China Geo University (Wuhan) Patent Office? Why? Person:? lv jianjun
abstract
A portable intelligent trace element analyzer consists of a single chip microcomputer control system 1, a program-controlled voltage generator 2, a constant potentiometer 3, a constant current device 4, a preamplifier 5, an A/D conversion circuit 6 and an electronic switch circuit 7. It is characterized in that a control and measurement system is composed of a single chip microcomputer as an intelligent core, and it can also include a communication circuit 8 to realize online communication with a PC, thereby realizing real-time detection and analysis of on-site samples, with strong functions and high measurement accuracy (up to PPb level).
26. What databases are available in our library to retrieve special scientific and technological documents?
Wanfang CNKI China Science and Technology Papers Online VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journals Hui Ke Newspaper Library Superstar Mathematics Library Superstar Teachers Forum New Oriental Multimedia Learning Library National Highway Foreign Language Special Database Yin Fu Exam Simulation Question Bank
It is said that using logical AND can narrow the search scope, while using logical OR can expand the search scope?
A and b: both a and B.
A or b: the first case is only a; The second case is only B; The third situation is to have both a and B.
Therefore, using logical AND can narrow the search scope, while using logical OR can expand the search scope.
28. What is the recall rate and accuracy? How to improve the recall rate and accuracy?
Recall ratio-it refers to the ratio of the number of related documents detected in the retrieval system to the total number of related documents, and it is a measure of the ability of information retrieval system to detect related documents.
Precision-it refers to the ratio of the number of related documents detected to the total number of documents detected, and it is a measure of the accuracy of documents detected by information retrieval system.
Using universal retrieval languages (such as superior categories and keywords) can improve the recall rate, but the precision rate decreases.
Using specific retrieval languages (such as lower categories and lower keywords) can improve the precision, but the recall decreases.
29. According to the processing depth and publishing form of information content, what types of documents are there? What is the relationship between them?
According to the publishing form of literature, it can be divided into books, periodicals, newspapers and special literature (government publications, dissertations, scientific reports, patents, standards, archives, conference documents, product samples, etc. ).
According to the carrier form of literature, it can be divided into handwritten literature, printed literature, microform literature, audio-visual literature and machine-readable literature.
relationship