The first part of engineering drawing paper: Research on the reform of engineering drawing course under engineering education.
This paper introduces the connotation of professional certification of engineering education, and taking engineering drawing as an example, discusses how to reform the teaching ideas and methods of drawing course according to the requirements of cultivating students of different majors under the background of professional certification of engineering education: student-centered education concept, taking students as the primary service object; Take the output orientation (goal orientation) as the educational orientation. Optimization of curriculum system for different majors: study the application and development of different professional categories, and determine the teaching content that reflects professional characteristics; Teaching graphic standards of different majors; According to different majors, we will learn professional drawing software.
Keywords professional certification; Engineering drawing; Curriculum revolution
I. Professional Certification of Engineering Education
Engineering education certification is an internationally accepted quality assurance system for engineering education, and it is also an important basis for achieving international mutual recognition of engineering education and engineer qualifications. Due to the transnational flow of engineering talents brought by economic globalization, it is urgent to establish a mutual recognition system for professional qualifications and academic education. 1989, the "washington accord" came into effect, which made the engineering professional certification of different countries tend to be equivalent. Certification institutions of different countries signed mutual recognition agreements to recognize each other's professional points, academic qualifications and degrees. In 20 14 years, 362 applications for professional certification were submitted by domestic universities, of which 138 were accepted and11was inspected, with a passing rate of 80.4%. The number of cases accepted in 20 15 increased to 158. The evaluation standard of engineering education certification is the learning achievements of all students trained in this major, not some "representative achievements". Professional certification emphasizes the basic quality requirements of engineering education and is a qualified evaluation. Social needs are diverse, and the purpose of vocational certification is to cultivate different types and levels of engineering and technical personnel needed by the industrial and commercial circles. Professional certification mainly follows the following three principles: student-centered education concept, student-centered service; Take output orientation (goal orientation) as education orientation (result orientation); Continuous quality improvement. [1] The goal of teaching should focus on the cultivation of students, and the teaching content should be designed according to students' expectations; The principle of judging the supporting conditions such as teachers is whether it is beneficial for students to achieve the expected goals; The evaluation of students' grades is the focus of evaluation, and the achievement of graduation requirements supports the achievement of training goals. Certification majors must prove through evidence that every qualified graduate can expect to meet the target requirements; Training objectives and graduation requirements must play a guiding role in daily teaching activities and help everyone who undertakes teaching tasks to clarify their responsibilities; The evaluation of the achievement of graduation requirements and training objectives must be decomposed into the whole process tracking and process evaluation of students' whole learning process.
Second, the curriculum reform of engineering drawing based on professional certification
Engineering drawing is an important technical basic course for science and engineering undergraduates, and it is a course that combines theory with practice closely. The purpose of teaching is to cultivate students' spatial imagination, ability to read drawings and ability to draw mechanical drawings. As the first professional and technical basic course for students, it plays an important role in training students to master the learning methods of professional and technical courses and cultivate their rigorous style and serious and responsible attitude. The main goal of this course is: (1) to master and apply the basic principles of orthographic projection to express objects. (2) Drawing and reading engineering drawings. (3) Cultivate the ability of spatial imagination, conception and modeling. To sum up, it is to cultivate skilled talents with skilled drawing and reading ability, and innovative talents with good spatial-to-planar, planar-to-three-dimensional thinking mode and certain structural ability. The study of this course directly affects the study of subsequent professional courses and whether students are competent for the future work of this major.
1, the student-centered educational concept, with students as the primary service object.
(Student-centered) Based on the requirements of professional certification, we designed the teaching link in reverse. The training goal is to describe the career and professional achievements that graduates can achieve in about five years after graduation. It is the general program for training professional talents and the basic basis for constructing professional knowledge structure, forming curriculum system and carrying out teaching activities. Graduation requirement (or graduation ability) is a concrete description of the knowledge and ability that students have mastered when they graduate, including the skills, knowledge and ability that students have mastered through their studies in this major, and it is the learning achievement that students should obtain when they complete their studies. The starting point of teaching is not what teachers want to teach, but what students need to learn in order to achieve their goals. Taking the material major as an example, the graduation requirements supported by this course mainly include the following two points: First, master the basic knowledge and principles of engineering such as machinery, electronics and information technology, and be able to analyze the working principle of simple electromechanical equipment and analyze and judge simple faults; Second, have the ability to correctly express the structure of mechanical parts and equipment by using appropriate drawing software. In view of this index point, we set the teaching objectives of engineering drawing as follows: first, master the basic knowledge of engineering drawing, cultivate students' image thinking and spatial imagination, and solve complex engineering problems. Second, master the basic skills and methods of drawing and reading engineering drawings, and consult the relevant contents in the mechanical design manual. Master the basic methods of computer drawing, and be able to skillfully use CAD software to draw engineering drawings. Cultivate students' ability to apply mechanical drawing and computer drawing to solve complex industrial design drawing of related majors. [2]
2. Take the output orientation (goal orientation) as the education orientation (result orientation).
The professional certification of engineering education represents a new educational concept: in the past, our education mainly emphasized how teachers teach well, while the certification of engineering education mainly emphasized how students learn well. Form a result-oriented teaching design process: determine the training objectives and graduation requirements from the national social and educational development needs, industry development and workplace needs, school positioning and development goals, and then determine the setting of index points. Modify the curriculum system, teaching requirements and teaching content according to the index points. Teaching evaluation reflects students' development and parents' expectation of alumni. We need to reconstruct the training scheme, that is, optimize the knowledge structure, that is, the relationship between knowledge and knowledge. The teaching method in the university stage cannot be equated with the middle school stage, and the professional education cannot be equated with the basic education. Students should know what to learn, why to learn and what to do. If you can't teach, you will learn. In the process of university education, from general education courses to subject basic courses, to professional basic courses, and finally to professional courses, effective horizontal and vertical development ideas should be established. Reform classroom teaching, from knowledge classroom to ability classroom, from indoctrination classroom to dialogue classroom, from closed classroom to open classroom, from sex training to personalized teaching, from summative evaluation to developmental evaluation.
3. ContinuousQualityImprovement of quality culture.
According to the requirements of professional certification, in order to achieve continuous improvement, the teaching management system will also be improved accordingly. The basis of improvement is normal evaluation and evaluation, and every routine teaching activity is evaluated. The realization of continuous improvement depends on effective quality monitoring and feedback mechanism. In this process, every teacher assumes the responsibility of continuous improvement, and the effect of continuous improvement is reflected by the performance of students. We regularly record the courses properly to evaluate the students' ability: regularly evaluate and record the difficulty, quantity, standardization and rationality of the test paper structure; Analyze and sort out all the questions in the test scores and papers in detail, understand the students' mastery of course knowledge points and index points, and evaluate the students' ability. The evaluation results will be systematically added to the continuous improvement of the project: the students' mastery of knowledge points and index points and their shortcomings will be improved in the next class, and the knowledge points such as assembly dimension marking and standard parts drawing in recent years will be strengthened in turn, with emphasis on the students' teaching and practical training in the next class. Make full use of other available resources to help continuous improvement: mainly through usual homework, drawing training, computer practice of drawing software, etc. , strengthen the training of students to master knowledge points and weak links of indicators to ensure continuous improvement.
Third, optimize the curriculum system of different majors.
1, study the application and development of different professional categories, and determine the teaching content that reflects professional characteristics.
Under the background of professional certification of engineering education, according to the professional categories of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, engineering drawing courses are divided into three categories: chemical materials, electricity and engineering management. Study the application and development of engineering graphics in different professional categories, and determine the teaching content that can reflect the characteristics of the specialty. For example, for electrical majors, when talking about the expression of parts, students can be guided to analyze their expression and draw corresponding diagrams with chip objects. For students majoring in computer science, when talking about the mirror image and movement of computer drawing, we can add the knowledge of computer graphics appropriately to increase students' interest in learning.
2. Drawing teaching standards of different majors.
Investigate and determine the "three-oriented" (standardization, serialization and generalization) of engineering graphics in various majors, change the disadvantages of traditional teaching links that only emphasize the "three-oriented" standards of mechanical industry, and teach their own professional graphics standards for different majors.
3, according to different majors, to carry out professional drawing software learning.
Change the current situation that traditional computer drawing only teaches AutoCAD, develop professional drawing software for different majors, and make students familiar with and apply professional drawing software.
refer to
[1]_ meaning. Analysis on the concept of continuous improvement of engineering education professional certification. China higher education, 20 15.438+05.
[2] Wang Yanliang, Angelie Liu, Si Haiyan. Teaching reform of computer cartography under the background of professional certification. Surveying and mapping engineering, 20 13.6.
Engineering Drawing II: Environmental Engineering Paper with Integrated CAD for Engineering Drawing
1 concrete implementation strategy of integrating environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing courses
1. 1 Adjust and optimize the teaching content of the course textbook.
The jobs of environmental engineering major are mainly for process designers, installation and commissioning engineers, project managers, operation administrators, etc. Environmental pollution control projects in the front line of production (operation). After post analysis and development, I have the basic skills of environmental pollution control technology, and need to master the professional knowledge of environmental engineering process design, construction management, equipment installation, process debugging, and operation management of pollution control facilities. The selection of teaching materials is one of the key links in the integration of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing courses. In order to ensure that students can master basic knowledge and professional knowledge comprehensively and realize the teaching goal of higher education, teaching materials should be compiled or reasonably selected according to the requirements of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing courses. The content of the textbook should highlight the characteristics of non-mechanical drawing, covering the basic principles of drawing, engineering drawing commonly used in this major, etc. And ensure that the drawing process can be presented by CAD software, thus enhancing the tightness of the combination of environmental engineering drawing and CAD drawing technology. In the arrangement of teaching materials, we should strengthen the traditional teaching contents such as drawing foundation, projection concept and configuration expression, appropriately cut out the outdated teaching contents such as descriptive geometry, and greatly increase the modern frontier knowledge based on CAD technology and three-dimensional geometric modeling. The selection of teaching materials should be based on the characteristics of environmental engineering specialty. On the basis of ensuring the perfection of basic theory, the contents of pipeline construction drawing, water supply and drainage engineering drawing and building construction drawing are added to lay a good foundation for professional courses. Through the adjustment and optimization of teaching materials, students are always in the concept of graphics, from three-dimensional and assembly to architectural forms, to piping systems, water supply and drainage systems and buildings, so that students can establish the overall outline of environmental engineering drawing. To integrate CAD technology into the teaching materials of environmental engineering drawing course, we should combine the design characteristics of environmental engineering, adopt case teaching method, and attach importance to the cultivation of students' practical operation ability and the accumulation of practical experience.
1.2 using effective teaching methods
After the integration of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing courses, the teaching method of combining them should be adopted to improve the teaching efficiency and effect. Firstly, the basic knowledge of drawing and CAD drawing is interspersed, which requires students to master the skills of pencil drawing such as line type and arc, and then teach the basic commands and operations of CAD software; Secondly, pay attention to engineering drawing teaching based on environmental CAD three-dimensional modeling technology. In order to improve students' three-dimensional modeling ability, after teaching the basic commands and operations of software, we should carry out the teaching of ordinary cubes, spheres, cylinders, cuboids, cones and their simple combinations, use the function of transforming CAD three-dimensional projection into two-dimensional plane, expand students' imagination space, use CAD software to project different types of combinations and surfaces, explain typical cases in detail, and enhance students' observation ability. Thirdly, teachers should distinguish the key points of teaching and rationally use CAD software technology to solve teaching difficulties. For example, focus on the important concepts and standards of engineering drawing, use CAD three-dimensional modeling to explain the projection law, and focus on the teaching contents that students can't understand, such as shape and position tolerance and fit tolerance. At the same time, case teaching can be adopted according to the actual situation. According to the teaching plan and class assignment plan of this course, after students master the basic commands, in addition to cooperating with teaching materials and specifications, they should also introduce engineering-related drawings for background introduction and line explanation. Real and concrete engineering examples will be more convincing, realistic and attractive in the teaching process. Inductive imperative teaching. The diversity of operation commands often leads to confusion in memory. In each class, the teacher first takes the students to review the last lesson and lists the classification and summary of similar commands to help students remember. For example, the l command stands for line, which can export PL polylines, XL rays, SPL spline curves, e L ellipses, POL regular polygons and so on. Network communication teaching. Limited theory and computer operation classes can't fully answer students' various questions, so the sub-options in each command are not fully taught in class. Therefore, I want to leave the related questions of sub-option 1-2 to students as after-class exercises, and exchange the answers of software operation and related professional knowledge at any time with the help of the network. Through after-class exercises, teachers can collect and summarize the reflected problems in time. At the same time, students who are embarrassed and don't like to ask questions in class can also ask questions in this form. It is helpful for teachers to fully understand the mastery and existing problems of each student.
1.3 Pay attention to practical teaching
In the integrated teaching mode of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing, it is necessary to increase practical teaching links and attach importance to the improvement of students' engineering practical ability. For example, in the teaching of environmental two-dimensional engineering, the teaching of water supply and drainage drawing standards requires students to master not only the drawing skills of plan, flow chart and elevation, but also the basic requirements and drawing skills of environmental engineering equipment drawings. At the same time, in order to improve the enthusiasm of students to participate in practical teaching activities, teachers can use the online teaching platform to let students actively collect information on professional websites such as "Jianlong.com" and "Water Supply and Drainage Online", so as to complete the big homework assigned by teachers, improve students' ability to collect and use information and improve students' ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical operation. At the same time, curriculum design will be set up, and the theoretical study and curriculum design of the curriculum are scattered and combined, and the relationship between theory and practice. In order to further understand and digest theoretical learning, how to integrate the theoretical knowledge into a whole and construct a system, so that students can master the essentials of computer drawing as a whole and independently explore and discover complex and advanced operation commands is an indispensable practical link in the teaching plan. 2.4 Improve the course assessment method. The course after the integration of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing will be a very practical course. If a simple written test is used to evaluate the teaching effect, it can not fully reflect the students' mastery of the whole knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing performance evaluation methods. In addition to the written test, pay attention to increasing the proportion of the usual assessment (homework, questions, tests, curriculum design, etc.). ) improve students' learning enthusiasm in the total score. The grade is divided into two parts: the usual assessment and the final assessment. The identification of students' grades can no longer be a simple knowledge assessment, but a comprehensive investigation of knowledge and ability. The final total score is an optimization scheme consisting of small homework score, hand-drawn big homework score, CAD computer drawing score and final exam score. The final grade is composed of the following proportions: 50% of the final paper grade, 10% of small assignments in peacetime, 10% of large manual drawing assignments, and 30% of CAD computer drawing (including 15% of CAD drawing assignments in peacetime and 15% of CAD drawing computer test). In the whole course assessment, we emphasize the assessment of the learning process, and all links should be investigated.
2 conclusion
Practice has proved that the integration of environmental engineering CAD and engineering drawing, the introduction of various teaching methods, the timely increase and update of teaching content, the emphasis on the cultivation of students' personality, and the strengthening of professional knowledge integration guidance and the explanation of other auxiliary drawing software in classroom teaching and practice can broaden students' horizons, ensure vivid and rich teaching content, lay a solid drawing foundation for students to engage in environmental engineering-related majors in the future, and thus cultivate environmental talents that society really needs.
The third part of engineering drawing paper: teaching reform of engineering drawing
According to the author's own working experience, aiming at the problems existing in the course of engineering drawing, some ideas of course reform are put forward to ensure the teaching quality and improve the teaching efficiency.
Keywords: engineering colleges; Engineering drawing teaching; reform in education
As a classic and traditional professional basic course in engineering colleges, engineering drawing is mainly to cultivate students' spatial imagination ability, configuration expression ability and spatial problem solving ability. On the basis of learning drawing theory, they can learn correct drawing expression and drawing reading methods. On the one hand, with the emergence and maturity of various new knowledge and technologies, the number of courses offered in colleges and universities is also increasing, and the relative class hours of the original courses are decreasing. The traditional teaching contents, methods and means can no longer meet the needs of professional development. At present, the main problems in engineering drawing teaching are the diversification of teaching content and the reduction of class hours. On the other hand, the expansion of enrollment leads to the widening of students' level difference, serious polarization and general lack of independent learning and innovation ability. In the teaching process, it is difficult for teachers to explain the thickness of the teaching content in a limited class, and it is also difficult for students to understand the main content of the course well after the course is over, and successfully apply it to subsequent courses and actual production design. In view of the problems existing in the teaching of engineering drawing, combined with the teaching practice, some thoughts on the teaching reform of engineering drawing course are put forward.
1. Reform of basic course system of engineering drawing
In order to adapt to the school curriculum and optimize the curriculum structure, this paper puts forward the idea of integrating traditional curriculum content and forming a new curriculum system, and pays attention to the connection with subsequent courses. In the course setting, the original independent engineering drawing course and AUTOCAD course are merged into a new course, and the corresponding repeated teaching content is appropriately reduced. The first half of the course mainly explains the basic contents related to drawing in assembly, view, section view, section view, part drawing and traditional engineering drawing, focusing on cultivating the ability to understand drawings, draw part drawings and express configuration. In the process of teaching basic knowledge of drawing, based on traditional wall charts and teaching AIDS, AUTOCAD drawing knowledge is gradually introduced, comprehensive training of sketching and computer drawing ability is strengthened, and the process of decomposition and combination of three-dimensional models taught is demonstrated, which makes up for the deficiency of static expression of traditional teaching AIDS, makes reading drawings easy to understand, enables students to master the basic drawing software of AUTOCAD, and quickly acquire the drawing reading ability of assembly through intuitive understanding, thus improving teaching efficiency. The second half of the course mainly explains the computer drawing part of AUTOCAD, and skillfully draws complex parts, including its expression method, dimensioning and technical requirements. Combining the courses of engineering drawing and AUTOCAD, while cultivating students' ability of graphic expression and thinking in images, a horizontal technical basic platform is built to meet the needs of design, production and technical exchange of various majors at present.
In addition, this course is set in the second semester of freshman, in order to consolidate the knowledge of metalworking practice in the first semester, and at the same time lay a theoretical foundation for the following mechanical basic courses, PROE three-dimensional design, professional structure, etc., and ensure the continuity of students' course learning. This plan will be investigated from freshmen of grade 20 12 as a pilot.
2. The reform of teaching content
In terms of teaching content, on the basis of teaching the basic theory of engineering drawing, starting from the simple parts in actual production, taking mechanical design as the main line and combining with the industries in which each major is located, the method of "overall teaching and appropriately distinguishing majors" is adopted to infiltrate drawing knowledge into the courses of mechanical specialty, pay attention to the design process of basic parts in teaching and strengthen the teaching of technological knowledge. For example, for students majoring in vehicles, while teaching the typical basic body and assembly drawing method of engineering drawing, we can start with simple bodies in automobile parts, such as crankshaft and engine block, and teach students relevant drawing specifications, technical requirements and process parameters. At the same time, using AUTOCAD computer drawing software, students can draw relevant drawings on the computer. In this process, three-dimensional software such as PROE can be used for dynamic demonstration of three-dimensional shapes of parts, FLASH animation demonstration, video demonstration of related production lines and so on. , so that students can understand the related follow-up 3D R&D software and stimulate their spatial imagination and drawing enthusiasm. While teaching the course, we can organize a group discussion on the feasibility scheme according to the design drawings, and consciously instill the concepts and ideas such as the feasibility of the scheme, processing cost, research and development cycle and so on that will be encountered in the actual design and production process. We should apply what we have learned, give lectures with the concept of design and manufacturing, enhance and improve students' understanding and enthusiasm for this course in the course of lectures, actively think and design, cultivate the ability of knowing, reading and drawing pictures, and further guide students to expand from two-dimensional space to three-dimensional space.
3. The change of teaching concept
The author believes that a good teaching atmosphere is very important for course learning and the final students' mastery of course knowledge points, and heuristic teaching is a very effective means. For example, in the teaching process of assembly, students can think about the relative position of the basic body and the influence of its surface connection, ask questions boldly, and finally get various views. In the whole teaching process, stimulating students' interest in learning and making them actively participate in learning and teaching fully embodies the idea that students are the main body and teachers are the dominant, arouses students' enthusiasm and initiative, enlivens the teaching atmosphere, and finally achieves the goal of improving students' creative ability and cultivating students' comprehensive quality and ability.
4. Adjustment of teaching methods
In order to further improve students' engineering drawing ability, in addition to the traditional classroom teaching, practical teaching is also set up: First, the engineering drawing model room is opened, in which there are related supporting teaching models and complex models, and students can establish perceptual knowledge of space and form an overall thinking mode of space through on-site observation, analysis and drawing models. Secondly, in order to strengthen students' comprehensive practical ability, we can combine the course with related manufacturing enterprises and carry out targeted course practice, so that students can understand the importance and value of drawings more intuitively from actual manufacturing. At present, the curriculum practice plan is being discussed and cooperated with relevant enterprises. Finally, we can make full use of the network platform to develop teaching software that matches cartography. Students can practice on the computer regularly, test their academic performance independently, find out the problems, key points and difficulties in learning, and understand and solve them in time.
5. Evaluation system reform
Through a comprehensive assessment system, students' drawing ability is examined in many aspects: first, in the learning process, the mastery and understanding of knowledge points are investigated through after-school exercises; Secondly, the final closed-book exam is adopted, so that students can have a comprehensive understanding and understanding of the engineering drawing course after the course is over; Thirdly, through computer examination, students' comprehensive application of drawing knowledge and computer drawing ability are assessed; Fourthly, practice the assessment of drawing ability, combining with the drawing of actual parts, and examine the students' understanding level of the structure, size and technical requirements of simple parts in this major, so as to lay the foundation for subsequent courses.
To sum up, reforming the teaching mode of engineering drawing, changing the traditional teaching concept of drawing, integrating the three-dimensional design concept of actual manufacturing and computer drawing into engineering drawing teaching, and adopting the "diversified" teaching mode can strengthen the cultivation of students' innovative consciousness and engineering consciousness and improve their comprehensive quality.
References:
[1] Zhu Chunhua, Zhuang Zhongxia, Hu Jianping, editor in chief. Exploration of teaching reform of engineering drawing in the new era [J]. Journal of Guangdong Vocational College of Water Resources and Electric Power, 2007, (8): 3 1-33.
[2] edited by Ma. Research and Practice on Teaching Reform of Modern Engineering Drawing [J]. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition), 2003, (3): 100- 102.
[3] Fu. Teaching methods to improve the teaching quality of drawing course [J]. Education and occupation, 2005, (14): 64-65.
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