Keywords: Yongchang; Tengchong; Bai nationality; Living in a compact community

Historical records and unearthed cultural relics prove that in Yongchang and Tengchong, the ancestors of the Bai nationality lived in compact communities from the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, and they were one of the major ethnic groups occupying an important position.

The second volume of Baoshan Local Records contains: "According to the 1990 census, there are 34 168 Bai people in the whole region, accounting for1.63% of the total population; "Among them, Baoshan City (ancient Yongchang today Longyang District) has 3082 1 person, Tengchong County 1824 person and Changning 649 person". "Yongchang (Ceng Zhi Tengchong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties) is the main residential area for white people. During the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, with the migration of a large number of Han population, the distribution area of Bai nationality shrank to the surrounding mountainous areas, or merged with Han nationality, Yi nationality and other ethnic groups. Up to now, the Bai nationality in Baoshan is concentrated in three towns, namely Wayao, Liu Yang and Wama, in the north and west of Baoshan City (now Longyang District). Most other Bai people moved from Dali, Heqing, Jianchuan and Yunlong in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China to engage in business, carpentry and teaching. At the beginning of liberation, some Bai officers and men of the Seventh Frontier Detachment entered Baoshan counties with the troops, and then transferred to local jobs, becoming a Bai group that moved to Baoshan area after liberation "[1] P487-488. According to this record, Baoshan used to be the main inhabited area of Bai nationality in ancient times. The author has verified that Bai nationality has always been the main ethnic group occupying an important position in Yongchang and Tengchong areas from Tang Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.

First, the changes of "simplicity" and "broadness"

White people belonged to Bo people in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but before the Spring and Autumn Period (not after the Jin Dynasty), and the tones of "Bo people", "Bo people" and "white" changed. According to the records of the Five Emperors and Xia Benji in Historical Records, Zheng gave birth to two sons: Xuanyao and Changyi, "the daughter of Shushan was named Changpu, and Changpu gave birth to Levin", and "Levin, the son of Sun Changyi, was named Emperor Zhuan Xu". Zhuan Xu gave birth to Gun, Gun gave birth to Yu, and Yu gave birth to Xia Dynasty. Chronology of Bamboo Slips further states: "Dilai ascended the throne and lived in Pupu" [2]p30. "Pu" means Pushui, which is located in Puyang today. "Wen Tong Kao Di San" said: "It is the market of Zhou Pu, Zhuan Xu and Kunwu, so it is called Diqiu" [2]p30. Thus, Zhuan Xu and Kunwu are both in Dipu, and they are two cousins after Changpu. Like Kunwu and Changpu, it is the soft pu behind Shu Mountain. Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Dong Jing says: "Yourou Pu is a country where teenagers conquer the soil"; Li Zhengqing explained "Shang Zhou" and said: "The two distant descendants and allies of Xia people-Roupu people and Kunwu country (because of the merchants' crusade) had to flee to the south, and one of them wandered in the Hanshui River basin, known as Jingchu in history" [2]p32. It can be seen that the Shang Dynasty in Shushan has been divided into three branches; After Changpu, people were from Xia, after Kunwu, Jingchu, and those who lived in Hanshui were Pu (Roupu). So Bai Fu and Chu Fu are the same. Historical Records Chronology of Six Kingdoms says: "Yu's family is in Xiqiang", and the poem "A stranger" says: "Jue was born for the people, and Jiang Yuan was there", so Xia, Zhou and Pu are the ancestors of Qiang people. Therefore, "Yi Zhou Shu Yi Yin Tribute": "Invite Jun Zhengnan: Europe, Deng, Guo, Damazi, Baipu, Jiujun, please take pearls, ivory, Wenxi, mushrooms, cranes and short dogs as sacrifices"; "Yi Zhou Shu Wang Huijie" also said: "At the meeting of the Zhou Dynasty, the people of Bu (Pu) presented Dan Sha [3]p63. One is compulsory "making offerings", and the other is voluntary offering at the meeting. When Zhou Wuwang cut Zhou, Pu people also promised to participate, and many historians have explained that Pu and Zhou are descendants of Qiang people, and "they are close relatives".

It can be seen that the relationship between Pu people and Shang and Zhou dynasties.

"Pu" is called "Bo", which historians believe is related to the continuous migration of Pu people. "Pu" is regarded by some commentators as a hieroglyph holding a gourd to worship heaven, that is, "Pu people" are "gourd people" who worship the gourd. "Since ancient times, Han, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Li, Gelao, Yi, Bai, Miao, Yao, She, De 'ang, Yao and Pu people have been divided into so many branches mentioned above, so they have been called' Baipu' in history [4] p1. Some commentators believe that "Pu" is a hieroglyph for people to make things, and the Pu people are a tribe that is good at making things by hand and has great mobility, such as essays on ethnic studies. In fact, in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, "Bu" is often replaced by "Bu", such as "Ding Chou Zhen, Bu You Bu", which Guo Moruo explained as: "Bu is the Bu of Bu Zi, which is the title of the country" [4]p 176. Their mobility is actually due to the persecution of foreigners. Tang cut, of course, also cut Routi and Kunwu, so Kunwu ran to the State of Chu, and Pu fled the Hanshui River. "Xiong Shuang six years (822 BC), the third brother. Zhong Xue died, his uncle died, took refuge in Pu, and his younger brother took the place of the bear "; In the sixteenth year of King Heng of Zhou (704 BC), "Chu Xiongtong became the king of Wu by himself, and he died with the people, which was the beginning"; In May of the 22nd year of King Jing of Zhou (523 BC), "Chu Zhouxue attacked Pu". In this way, "under the attack of Jingchu, (Pu people) went up the Yangtze River to the Zhuding River basin, where they established a country, known as the Bohai Kingdom"; "At the end of the Warring States period, General Chu's village was on the western expedition, passing through Guo, and many Pu people entered Dianchi Lake, Yunnan and other vast areas with the Chu army, and Pu people became the most extensive ethnic group covering southwest China" [2] p28-34. In the 2nd century BC, the country was destroyed by Qin, and the Pu people finally withdrew from the Zhuding River basin and migrated to western Yunnan. This is the history of this tragic nation from "Pu" to "Bo". The surname "Bo" first appeared in Lv Chunqiu: "Shi Qiang, Hutang, west of the water; Bo people, savage, Sichuan articles. Boat people send dragons, and there are many people in my hometown. Textual research on Yi nationality: "Bo people, whose ancestors were Han Chinese, were guilty and exiled to distant places" [3] P 17- 18. Bo people, wild (Vietnamese) people, bamboo rafts, one raft after another, rowed people away like dragon boats, and men, women and children stood on the rafts and rushed to the robbery target. This unorganized migration will inevitably violate the interests of indigenous people and be hated and disgusted by them. So Guang Yun said, "It's a shame, it's ugly." "Book of Rites" said: "The distance of the screen is a thorn in the west; Send it to the east, and you will be despised for life. "Hanshu Zheng Xuan Note": "The thorn should be what you said, and what you said will force you. According to Han Shu, "there are foreigners in the southwest", and those who know that they are not foreigners are forced to study. Compared with "sending", the name of "sending" non-eastern foreigners means sending tourists, so they are not foreigners in the west, so they are considered to be close to the independence of foreigners "[5]p84. That is to say, the people of Bohai who were originally from China (Roupu, who was related to Xia and Zhou Dynasties) were forced to move to distant places because of conflicts with those in power (Shang and Chu). He lived with the Yue people (savages) and entered Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou from Jianghan. Although they were ransacked, they were forced to send them to Yi Rong. Therefore, "Bo" has always been called "strong wave". Yang Xiong's "Changyang Poetry Talk" said: "Qiang Miao moved eastward", and "Biography of Wu Bei in Han Shu" also said: "South Vietnam was a guest, Qiang Miao contributed, and Dong Ou entered the DPRK". Yan Shigu's note: "Bo, southwest yi also". It can be seen that "Pu" and "Wa" come down in one continuous line, and they are not Yue people, nor are they "Pu people" after the Han and Jin Dynasties of the Mon-Khmer language family (the ancestors of the De 'ang and Wa nationalities mentioned earlier). Historical Records and Hanshu only refer to this nation as "Bo" and rarely use "Pu". After Huayanglu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "Pu" only refers to the Mon-Khmer family, and the reason remains to be verified. In the second year of Han Yuanfeng (109), after Qin destroyed the post-China, Bashu soldiers were sent to destroy Laojin and Mimo (the antonym of "Bo"), in Qujing area in northeast Yunnan today. In the fifth year of Emperor Huang (AD 20), Wang Mang brutally suppressed the Bo people's resistance and changed the county to Shengbo County. Bohai people fled in large numbers, and the name "Bohai" slowly disappeared. In this way, the Pu people and Bo people have developed continuously in the process of continuous migration and merged with the surrounding ethnic groups. After the Han Dynasty, they turned south from Bolu Road to western Yunnan and all the way to Baoshan, where they merged with some local Kun people and absorbed the Han population stationed in local counties, becoming the most handsome surnames of people with high production and cultural level and openness and tolerance. They were also called "Bai Man" in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the Yuan Dynasty, they were called "white people" and "Bai people". Nevertheless, they all left sites such as "Xiong Er", "Pu Shui", "Pu Yan" and "Pu Ren Tomb" in their own journey, which shows that their glorious history is in the same strain.

Second, Yongchang's "Bo"

There is no historical record of when the Bai people lived in Yongchang. Although the Bai Yang village-style cultural sites in Jiangchuan, Dali, which belonged to the Qiang culture in the Neolithic Age, were distributed in five counties of Baoshan (no Qiang remains were found so far in the Paleolithic Age), at that time, the specific ethnic groups did not differentiate to this day. In the Western Han Dynasty, according to the Records of Huayang Country and Nanzhongzhi written by Chang Cong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "When I was filial, I learned that Nanshan crossed the Lancang River and set up two counties in Qiuxi (now Cao Jian) and Buwei (now jinji village in Longyang District) and moved to South Vietnam. The family of Lu Jiazi's grandson is real. Because of its name, it is not Wei. Ban Gu's Biography of the Han Dynasty in Southwest China said: "The Emperor of Heaven (Emperor Xiao Wu) made Wang Ran, Bai Shichang, Lu Yue and others leave Southwest China for life ... They are all over four years old, and they are all closed to Kunming. General Feng then recommended Chen Li, Sima Jincheng, as the prefect of Xian Si. Standing, Lin Qiongren, a former company commander, is not arrogant and impetuous, and savage and awesome "[6] P243-253. Only then did I know that Yongchang began to set up counties and sent officials such as satrap and county magistrate to govern. At the same time, I raised a large family to settle in Yongchang to "go into the valley and get the money from the inner government" to consolidate the rule of the imperial court. The activities of Han immigrants are mainly in Pingba area along the main road leading to the mainland, and the indigenous people they contact are Bo people with the highest level of political, economic and cultural development in Southwest Yi area. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the Han population who entered the southwest of Yi gradually merged into Bo people "[3]p23-2.

4。 It can be known that Bo people (ancestors of Bai people) had settled here at that time.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Mao, the king of Ailao, returned to Han, where he established Bonan (now Yongping) and Ailao (now east of Taihe Square in Baoshan City) counties, and some officials, troops and people moved in to settle down and guard them. These Han people gradually "Bo people", "because only Bo people were indigenous to Yunnan at that time, the level of economic and cultural development was high, and the original clan and tribal boundaries had been destroyed, allowing the Han population to move in with them and develop into the most common name in the south with Bo slave owners" (ibid.). These most popular names are "loyal to the south" and "impressed by foreigners". Yongchang Lu Kai clan "was written by Kane Wei and trusted by the county magistrate, so they can enjoy themselves". "Lushi this officer brought the county, in this III. Most of them are Chen, Zhao, Xie and Yang "[6]p254. Ming Wanli's YongChang Mansion, Yunnan Tongzhi, said: "Zhuge Ying, ten miles south of the mansion, is the place where Zhu Gekongming was stationed in the south. Since the triumph of Kong Ming, some Han people have left here and lived together in the world, still known as the old man. Cao Shiyu said, "Meng Huo captured Yong alive and Yongchang went south to the village. You also understand the past, stand up and say' Kong Ming' to the sunset. Until the Ming Dynasty, the' old man' who still existed in Zhuge Ying was actually a native of Bohai "[3]p3 1. That is to say, the Han population who entered Yongchang Prefecture had merged into "Bo people" before the Ming Dynasty. According to Yongchang government records and military affairs records, "In the first year of Tang Wuyan, Yongchang Manchu introduced 20,000 people from Dong's tribe (the word Tongzhi is' more than 200,000') and entered" [7] p122; Yongchang satrap essays for four years: "Yang Xing is from Yongchang County. When Meng Shi was a cloth shoe, Tianbao was eight years old and led the troops into the attachment. Praise its beauty, and its descendants are Yongchang, Li Duan and Gaozhichang "[8] P3 136-3 142. "Dong" and "Yang" are white surnames. Only white people had surnames in the early Tang Dynasty, that is, Dong and Yang should be "Bo people" (white people), and there are as many as 200,000-200,000 tribes attached to them. It can be seen that there were "Bo people" living in Yongchang in the early Tang Dynasty.

Third, the Bai people live in close communities.

In the Tang Dynasty, Yongteng was an important town in Nanzhao. "Since the west of Lancang River, Yue Huang and Piaozi are not species of Wang Zi. There is plenty of soil if you are brave. Before Kaiyuan, six imperial edicts could not be closed. San Luopi began to set up Zheyucheng, and after Ge Luofeng, it gradually softened. Nanzhao soldiers total thirty thousand, Yongchang ranks among them "[9]p88. Yuzhe City, built by Sun Sheng Luo Pi, the sixth generation of Nanzhao, is today's Baoshan City (around the old site of Ailao Abandoned County, Nanzhao was built by mountains and rivers). In Bo's prose, "Yu Zhe" means "expanding to the west", that is, "Mingde will open a dangerous pass in the west", which is similar to the "Dong Zhe City" built by Chiayi in Shanzhan House (now Pingding Township, Kunming) more than 40 years later. Now that the city has been established, it will be guarded by the royal army. Mr. You Zhong said: "Although the king of Nanzhao was a barbarian of Meng She, ministers such as Qing, General Cao, Six Commanders Yang, Zhao, Dong and Duan were almost all barbarians. Bai Man actually played a leading role in politics, economy and culture of Nanzhao "[3]p93. The tribes of these military and political leaders and officials should be white. The Jia tablet in the south of Baoshan City in the Ming Dynasty's Biography of Yunnan Annals and Famous Officials is a clear proof. "Nanzhao Qingping official Zhang Luotuo, a former Yongchang county magistrate, was promoted to the army by breaking brute force. Therefore, there is a monument in the south of the city, calling him courageous and resourceful "[10]p 183. The "great army" is already a courtier, but it is built in Yongchang, which shows that the people have settled in Yongchang. According to Fan Chuo's Records of Yunnan, in the seventh year of Tianbao (AD 748), "(Yi) worshiped Taoism (Yongning was the son of brother-in-law, and both of them belonged to the same family), and Russia also killed them, so they were all weak. When Renyi died, Zi Ge Luo Fengli, his wife (the son of the king who was killed by Taoist worship) and his wife (the sister of Ge luo feng) returned to the river, and they were cut off from the emperor. A Wan (the mother who raised my spouse, is the wife of the king) is the owner of the Wuman tribe, and she entered the Senate from the Beijing Dynasty, so she was greatly rewarded. Ge Luofeng sent Kunchuan City to make Yang Limin (Bai people) move more than 200,000 households to Yongchang City under the threat of soldiers. Wuman didn't understand the language and was scattered in the forest valley, so he had to move. Since Qu, Jingzhou (now Zhaotong), Shicheng (now Qujing), Ma Chuan, Kunchuan (now Kunming) and Longhe (now Lufeng) in the south, there has been a shortage of soldiers. The descendants of daily use are within the boundaries of Yongchang City today. " "West Cuan, white people also ... On that day, Baozhong (742-756 AD), Ziqu and Jingzhou (now Zhaotong City) in the northeast and Xuancheng (now Yuanjiang River) in the southwest, facing each other, cattle and horses were wild. In Shicheng, Kunchuan, Qufuke (now Malong), Jinning, Yuxian (now Chengjiang, Jiangchuan, Yuxi, Tonghai) and Anning to Longhecheng, it is called "Xiyuan" [9]p47-48. From Zhaotong, Qujing and Kunming to Jiangchuan, Yuxi and Tonghai, 200,000 Bai people moved to Yongchang City (suspected Yongchang City), which was a huge ethnic migration. So "barbarians can't understand each other in words" and "can't migrate". It can be seen that Yongchang city boundary (jurisdiction) has long been a inhabited area of Bai people, and it is in language communication with these 200,000 Bai people.

Regarding the migration of the Bai people in Tengchong, Geographical Records of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Tengchong House is in the west of Yongchang, that is, across the land. Sun Yimou, the ninth grandson of Montessori, sought to cross the border and chase the barbarians. He had his own land and became a mansion, and then Bai Man moved to Tengchong Mansion. Yuan Xianzong three years, the government toast high rescue attached ". Mr. You Zhong commented: "In this case, there was no' white man' in Tengchong before Nanzhao. After Nanzhao unified and crossed the border, Huafu and Tengchong were established, and some "people in white clothes" were stationed in the city, so the distribution area of "people in white clothes" extended from Yongchang (now Baoshan) to Tengchong. The national component of Fu Tusi Gao Salvation attached for three years is "Bai Man" [3] P94. Before Nanzhao, there was still no empirical and historical record to prove that there were Bai people living in compact communities. However, after the publication of the Wood Sutra of Mount Gloo, Yongchang Festival (Yongchang House) was established not only in Longyang District today, but also in Yingjiang Old Town today (white meaning "Zhenxi") and Lishui Festival was established in Mamo, the southwest capital of Myitkyina (Bo-sung Kim) today. Cities in the Irrawaddy River valley, namely, Abisay and Moro, the capital, are all rising for gold. That is, as Fan Chuo said, "Nanzhao built a city on Moling Mountain, and set its heart on it, seeking to spread (namely Lishui City), long side (now dragging the corner), Moling (Manmo), gold (Bo-sung Kim) and Mi City (west of this lamp)" [9]p24. It's just that the climate in Xicheng and the capital Moro is hot and the smoke is very poisonous. " Nine times out of ten, when the people from the river (now Dali) get there, the people in the middle will build a city in the middle, and the leader of Geluofeng will control barbarism. He will not be more than one year old. More than half of the deceased are no longer in contact "(ibid.). Tengchong, as a transit station, controls Yaxi and Moro City, and can't live without Nanzhao officials and garrisons. Jia Dan (736-803), the prime minister, wrote in The Four Emperors of China: "All the way from Zhuge Liangcheng (now Zhen 'an Gucheng Mountain) to Tengchong is 200 Li" [8]p3 138. It is also a hundred miles west of Michigan. It crosses the mountains in the west and reaches Lishui City for 200 miles. It's crossing Lishui in the west, and Longquan water is 200 miles from Anxi City ... ". Fan Chuo's Chronicle of Yunnan also says: "Tengchong Jingbao Mountain City (past and present) and Bo-sung Kim (present-day (Myitkyina) Beidaluo, who have been back for more than a hundred miles a week, know that they are barbaric and have no monarch." [9]p2 1, Tengchong has long existed as the name of Tengchong. "Tengchong" and "Tengchong" are marked as "De`wart: Tengchong" in the Bai Han Dictionary of the Institute of Nationalities of China Academy of Social Sciences. This is the name of Tengchong City before the Tang Dynasty (now the site of Xiyuanba Xiyuancheng in Xishan Mountain), which means "the dam with galloping horses" in white. Thus, Tengchong was an important town before Yimou patrolled the canal and crossed the Sichuan River, and it was already connected with the city built by Geluofeng. It is impossible that there were no officials. Du Guangting Tomb in Fengshan, Tengchong can prove this point. After Du Guangting and his son surrendered to Nanzhao, they became white. Du Guangting was Ge Luofeng's Qingping official (Du Guangting was the one who wrote Nanzhao Dehua Monument when Ge Luofeng's "Western Expedition"), and his son was stationed in Tengchong, where he died and was buried by Yongchang Governor Zhang. Comments on Tengchong Zhou Zhi from the Picture of the Magistrate of Tengchong in Qing Dynasty: "I know that there was a Qingping official in Tengchong Nanzhao" (. After Zhang Luotuo was promoted to the rank of Grand Supervisory Army by brute force, it shows that Tengchong's political and economic status rose after crossing the border by different means at the latest, in order to replace the functions of Yaxi City and Moro City in controlling the cities in the Irrawaddy River basin and the gold rush family, and after the establishment of a "softened house" (which should be "Washington"), it was possible for a large number of Bai people to move in and station here, because the two were "one after another".

Fourth, the Bai nationality has become the main ethnic group.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Bai became one of the main ethnic groups in Yongteng.

In the battle of the five dynasties and ten countries in which the Central Plains perished in the Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao also fell apart, and three dynasties, namely Changhe State, Tianxingguo State and Yining State, appeared successively. It was not until the end of the Jin Dynasty, in the second year of Tianfu (AD 65438+February 973), that Duan Siping, the envoy of Tonghai Province, joined forces with the thirty-seven "Wuman" departments to seize the political power of Yanggan Town and changed its name to "Dali" that the political situation stabilized. Although the territory of the southwest frontier has shrunk, it has basically restored the scope of Nanzhao period. 16 counties, the organizational system of Yongchang Tengchong remains basically unchanged: Yongchang Prefecture is located in Longyang District, which governs Baoshan City, Lincang District and Dehong East except Tengchong; Tengchong Prefecture is located in today's Tengchong, which governs the area from the west of Longchuan River to the upper reaches of Irrawaddy River in Dehong Prefecture. Yongchang Tengchong is ruled by Duan and Gao clans and has become a veritable main ethnic group. The evidence is that Gao Tai and Gao Hui, "Tubo" who belonged to Yuan Xianzong for three years, surrendered to Wang Zhen in the early Ming Dynasty to form "Tu Yongchang City" and "captured Wang Zhen", all of which were Gao Bai clans who ruled Tengchong. Yongchang is "Song Gande, Duan's family still set up Yongchang House, and Gao Mingxin was appointed to defend his land for the exercise"; "Yuan Feng Gao Reason" [7]p38. "Yongchang House and Tengchong House are not the main residences of Jinya Baiyi, but the residences of Bai officials since Nanzhao Dali, where the residents are mostly Bai and Umanluoluo" [3] P207. The history of YongTeng Wa Army (Inch White Army) shows that it still existed at the beginning. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, Tengchong was established and thousands of households were guarded. Because of the military system of the Yuan Dynasty, there were two armies, the Han and Tu armies, and the Tu army was a good army. Many genealogies can also be confirmed. The existing tomb of Meng Guanyin Qing (Tengchong magistrate), the tombstone of Yuan Tengchong official and the monument of Shi Meifeng martyr can all be used as evidence. The Baita and Guan Tao in Longyang District are all over the religious relics of Baiaqili in Yongteng, and a large number of cremation tombs unearthed in Laifengshan, Shipai, Renxu Front and Shunjiang in Tengchong; Records of Hongji Monument in Qixian Mountain in Longyang and Lan Ruo Monument in Guanyin Mountain, as well as a large number of relics of Achili in Tengchong Jinlun Temple, Heita Temple, Baofeng Temple, Huzhu Temple and Tianying Temple can also testify. Tengchong continues the "Jingdi Temple" recorded in the history of Qianbian, Heshun and Laifengshan (some people think it was built between orthodox religions, but in fact, more than 70 years later, Zhang Zhichun, assistant minister of Jinghu Department of Zheng Denan, has clearly pointed out that it was built to worship Nanzhao as a master of Shilong. After Shilong died, it was named Jingzhuang Village, not built by Han people in Ming Dynasty. The same is true of Tengyue State Records. We think we can also look at it this way. In ancient Chinese, "Jing" means "Da", and "Jing Di" means "The Great", referring to the monarch who opened up territory. It is the general god of the Bai people and the general name of the Bai gods. It can be called a special hero or an abstract god. According to statistics, there are nearly 150 main temples of heroes in Dali Bai area, including at least 30 temples of Jingdi, including Jingdi, Nanzhao Master, Fisherman God, Land God and Heroes. Most of the vernacular Chinese retains the habit of ancient Chinese, which can also be used as evidence of the changes of "Pu" and "Bo"), the "Niangniang Temple" in the west of Tengchong (dedicated to Duan Gong, the general manager of Dali, Princess Agai), the Ximeng Temple in the west (where the Yuan Dynasty and Lu Chuan and other ethnic groups unite) and the ancestral hall of Wuyi. (Qing Dynasty) As Tengyue's well-known local book in Tengyue Zhouzhi said, "Tengchong has thousands of garrison (when Ming Hongwu was stationed) and many natives (that is, children of the former army)". Among them, the deputy commander knows four people, including Sheng Wang and Chen Fu. There are 10 persons in charge, including Rui Feng, Zhang Shan, Rui Liu, Yin Sheng, Ming Gui, Huang Xi, Wang Min and Wang Wenyong. They are Ben Ren Wei. "It is difficult to understand the meaning of dialects (Bai and Yi). For example, the word "Yi" is often used in mountain villages (eyebrow comment: water is called "Yi" in dialect, but there is no sound of "Yi" in water, so it is easy to know books, and Han books are also called "Yi"). The village whistle is called "Nao", called "Niu Niu", "Dian", "Huang" and "Eyelid" all follow the Mongolian paragraph. Its custom: "I have long obeyed ethics ..." ... "Torch Festival, that is, Qixi Festival. On June 25th, farmers held torches and shone in the fields to pray for the new year. "[11] p122-247 is obviously a Bai language custom. In recent years, some epitaphs of family ancestors who claim to be Nanjing people still have the words "indigenous origin". In a word, there are many relics to prove that from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai nationality was an important main ethnic group in Tengchong, Yongchang. Only later suppressed the rebellion of Gao Hui, Gao Tai and other Bai people's most popular names ("high fitness begins to die"); The Ming Dynasty's policy of "changing the summer into a foreign country" and the increase of the frequency of battles without military expenses, the large number of Bai people fled and merged with the Han people, the disintegration of the Cong army, and the influx of a large number of soldiers, civilians, businessmen and Han people, finally made the Bai people disappear from the city dam.

References:

[1] Local Records Compilation Committee of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, Volume II of Baoshan Regional Records, Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, 2003. 1.

[2] Li Zhengqing, An Examination of Bo Ren, edited by Zhao Huairen, Second Collection of Essays on Ethnic Culture Studies, Beijing, Ethnic Publishing House. 165438+October 2006.

[3] See "Ancient Nationalities in Southwest China" in Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House,19801February.

[4] Huang Yilu, Yunnan History, Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House, May 2004.

[5] Chinese Dictionary Volume I (condensed version), Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1978 10.

[6] Geng Deming's Ailao Country and Ailao Culture, Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 2003, 65438+February.

[7] (Qing) Editor Liu, Proofreading Xu, Yongchang Fuzhi, printed by Kunming Yachang Graphic Information Technology Co., Ltd., Baoxinchu (2007) Zhunyinzi No.65.

[8] Li Genyuan Series, edited by school-based Yang Wenhu and Lu Weixian, The Essays of Yongchang House, Volume IV, Kunming, Yunnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2000, 65438+February.

[9] (Tang) Fan Chuo, Xiang Da's original school and supplementary notes, "Yunnan Records Supplementary Notes", Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House,19951February.

[10] Xu, Yongchang Hook of Hong Kong Tianma Book Publishing Co., Ltd. ... Spring 2002.

[1 1] (Qing) Zhang Zhifang, editor-in-chief of Tu Xiu, Tengyue House, Kunming, Yunnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 65438+February 2007.