But English has its own characteristics, and the most important thing is that it often takes up a long space when translating from Chinese to English. If you describe a paragraph with the same content in English, it may take up twice as much space as Chinese. Therefore, writing English abstracts should pay more attention to conciseness and conciseness, and strive to provide the most important information in the shortest space.
First, carefully screen the information you have, and the content that does not belong to the above "four parts" does not need to be written in the abstract. Second, we should also properly choose the contents of the "four parts" to be concise and comprehensive.
For example, "purpose" has been preliminarily expressed in most titles. If there is no deeper purpose, there is no need to repeat it abstractly. Another example is "method", and some methods may have become routine methods abroad. When writing an English abstract, you can only write the name of the method without describing its operation steps one by one. The consistency of Chinese and English abstracts mainly refers to the consistency of contents. At present, there are two misunderstandings about this issue. One is that the contents of the two abstracts are "almost enough", so deleting the key contents of the Chinese abstract at will, or adding the contents not mentioned in the Chinese abstract at will, will easily cause the center of gravity of the abstract to shift, or even deviate from the theme; Secondly, it is considered that English abstracts are hard translations of Chinese abstracts, and every word of Chinese abstracts is not omitted, which often makes English abstracts appear tedious and repetitive, and it seems to be protracted.
English abstracts should strictly and comprehensively express the contents of Chinese abstracts, and can't be added or deleted at will, but this doesn't mean that a word can't be changed. Specific writing methods should follow the rules of English grammar and rhetoric, conform to the norms of English professional terms, and take care of English expression habits. Choosing appropriate tense and voice is the premise of making abstracts conform to English grammar and rhetoric rules.
Usually, the tense and voice of the predicate verbs in the abstract are not uniform, and should be changed according to the specific content, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion in understanding. But this change is not random, and there are some laws as follows: 1, tense: it can be summarized as follows.
1) describes the research process and mostly uses the simple past tense. 2) In the research process, the past perfect tense should be used to describe what happened before this process.
3) Use the present perfect tense to illustrate the achievement of a topic. 4) When the beginning of the abstract indicates the contents of "report" or "explanation" in the text, and the end of the abstract indicates the author's views and suggestions, the simple present tense can be used.
2. Voice: In most cases, the passive voice can be used. However, in some cases, especially when expressing the opinions of the author or related experts, the active voice is often used, and its advantages are distinct and powerful.
Mastering certain diction and sentence-making skills aims at simply and accurately expressing the author's point of view and reducing the misunderstanding of readers. 1. Try to use simple words. When expressing the same meaning, try to use short words instead of long words and common words instead of uncommon words.
However, when describing methods and steps, narrow words should be used instead of broad words. For example, there are many verbs in English, such as do, run, get and take. Although simple and commonly used, the meanings range from a dozen to dozens. When using these words to describe the research process, readers will inevitably misunderstand and even be at a loss, so it is necessary to choose words with relatively clear meanings, such as perform and achieve. , according to the specific situation, in order to facilitate readers to understand.
2. Make sentences 1) Familiar with the common sentence patterns of English abstracts: Although there are many kinds of English sentence patterns, the common sentence patterns of abstracts are very limited and have formed certain rules, which can be roughly summarized as (1) for the purpose of research. In order to ... describe in this paper ... the purpose of this study is ... (2) definite [descriptive effect/sensitivity/function] [drug/kit/safety ... [observation/detection/research ]...] (3) show the research results: [displayed results/proved results/results found by the author ]...(4) As the tense of the abstract mostly adopts the general past tense, the use of attributive clauses guided by relative pronouns will not only make the sentence complicated, but also easily lead to tense confusion (because there is sometimes a certain "time difference" between the attributive and its modified subject and object, it is often difficult to accurately judge the past perfect tense and the past future tense).
Using -ing participle and -ed participle as attributes can simplify sentences and reduce errors in tense judgment. The above are only a small part of the problems that should be paid attention to when writing English abstracts, and there are still many problems that need further discussion.
In a word, English abstracts, as an important part of medical papers, are constantly revised and improved. The content of English abstract is the same as that of Chinese abstract, including four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion.
But English has its own characteristics, and the most important thing is that it often takes up a long space when translating from Chinese to English. If you describe a paragraph with the same content in English, it may take up twice as much space as Chinese. Therefore, writing English abstracts should pay more attention to conciseness and conciseness, and strive to provide the most important information in the shortest space.
First, carefully screen the information you have, and the content that does not belong to the above "four parts" does not need to be written in the abstract. Second, we should also properly choose the contents of the "four parts" to be concise and comprehensive.
For example, "purpose" has been preliminarily expressed in most titles. If there is no deeper purpose, there is no need to repeat it abstractly. Another example is "method", and some methods may have become routine methods abroad. When writing an English abstract, you can only write the name of the method without describing its operation steps one by one. The consistency of Chinese and English abstracts mainly refers to the consistency of contents. At present, there are two misunderstandings about this issue. One is that the contents of the two abstracts are "almost enough", so the key contents of the Chinese abstract are deleted at will, or the contents not mentioned in the Chinese abstract are added at will.
2. What does the abstract mainly write? The function of 1. Abstract, namely abstract, is an indispensable part of the paper. Abstract is an independent essay with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple and clear language, leaving the main body to the branches and leaves. Extract the main information of the paper. The author's views, the main contents of the paper, research results and original opinions should be reflected in the abstract. A good abstract is easy to index and find. It is easy to be included in a large database to provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange. 2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts (1) Abstracts of papers are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign abstracts (usually in English). Different schools and institutions have different requirements for the length of abstracts. Generally, the Chinese abstract does not exceed 300 words, and the English abstract does not exceed 250 content words. Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased. (2) Ask the instructor for advice, and make timely amendments according to the opinions provided, so as to make by going up one flight of stairs. (3) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research. (4) The narrative is complete, the logic is prominent, and the essay structure is reasonable. (5) It is required that the text be concise and to the point, and no verbosity is allowed, with important contents extracted, without preface, background and other details, without old conclusions and original materials, without comments and annotations. It's direct. Delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the maximum amount of information should be provided with the least number of words. (6) Special characters, charts, chemical structures and mathematical expressions composed of special characters are not used in the abstract. Don't list examples. 3. The four abstract elements are called the four abstract elements. (1) Purpose: To point out the scope, purpose, importance, tasks and preconditions of the research, rather than simply repeating the theme. (2) Methods: Briefly describe the workflow of the project, what main contents have been studied and what work has been done in this process. Including objects, principles, conditions, procedures, means and so on. (3) Achievements: State the important new discoveries, achievements and values after the research, including the data and results obtained through investigation, experiment and observation, and analyze its unsatisfactory limitations. (4) Conclusion: Analyze and study the important conclusions of this research, including the correct viewpoints confirmed from it, and compare and predict its application in real life. The value of combining theory with practice. 4. As a special declarative article, the writing steps of abstract are also different from ordinary articles. The writing time of the abstract is usually after the completion of the paper, but it can also be written in advance, and then the abstract can be revised while writing the paper. First of all, starting from the four elements of the abstract, read through the full text of the paper and carefully list the important contents of the paper one by one. In particular, summarize each paragraph and the topic sentence at the end of the paper, keep the outline and essence, and extract the key information used to write the abstract. Then, see if this information can completely and accurately answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract, and require sentence refinement. If answering these questions is not enough, reread the paper and extract the corresponding content to supplement it. Finally, make these scattered information into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules. Further compose a smooth essay, read it through and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract. 5. The writing method of English abstract (1) should be based on recognized writing norms. (2) Use simple sentences as much as possible to avoid monotonous sentence patterns and accurate and complete expression requirements. (3) Use items correctly. (4) Writing in standard English, avoiding oral English, is simple and easy to use. Don't use uncommon words. (5) The author's works use the past tense, and the conclusion uses the present tense. (6) Use a more active voice. 6. Keywords keywords are words and terms selected from reports and papers for document indexing. Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and the prominent characters are on another line, which are placed on the left side of the abstract. If possible, try to use the standardized words provided by China Thesaurus and other glossaries. International communication should be marked with English keywords corresponding to Chinese. Keyword is a kind of keyword. Keyword is a new retrieval vocabulary, which is mainly used in computer network retrieval. Keywords are divided into Chinese keywords and corresponding English keywords, which are placed under Chinese abstract and English abstract respectively. In order to facilitate others to search, you can't use too broad words. Keyword selection can start from the titles of papers at all levels.
3. How to write English composition 1? To lay a solid foundation in English, we must first master a certain number of English words. English articles are like buildings and words are like building blocks. In addition, you must master some knowledge of English grammar, otherwise English will often make mistakes.
2. English extensive reading: English reading can not only broaden your horizons and enlarge your vocabulary, but also learn authentic English expressions and apply them to your own English writing practice.
3. Mastering certain English writing skills: There are many skills in English writing, such as how to choose words, make sentences, develop paragraphs, and arrange various genres of English compositions. Only by mastering these basic writing skills can you be handy in English writing.
4. Observe more and think more. In daily life, there are many people and things that can attract our attention. We should observe and analyze them more, ask "why" in everything and think in English, so that when writing in English, we will not find something to write.
Practice more, as the saying goes: Practice makes perfect. Most famous writers didn't write amazing works from the beginning, but their writing practice improved. You should also practice more when learning English composition. You can train in the form of English diary, weekly diary and text summary, or you can find a writing partner to urge each other, learn from each other and improve each other.
Book writing: When writing in English, the handwriting should be neat and standardized, which is convenient for people to read. Note that uppercase letters are bigger and taller than lowercase letters, and note that "A-O" and "N-U" are written differently. Remember to add "."to I and J, and don't forget the horizontal line in the middle of the letter T. Don't get close to each other, and leave a mark behind.