China's oil import risk index is high. One of the main factors is that China's oil import channels are too single, mainly relying on offshore oil tankers, of which about 90% are transported by foreign oil tankers, and 80% of oil imports need to pass through the Straits of Malacca. China's oil imports mainly come from the Middle East, Africa, Asia-Pacific region, Russian Federation and Central Asia. As a result, the oil import transportation channels in the south, north and west directions are formed. Among them, the Middle East crude oil tanker passes through the Indian Ocean and the Straits of Malacca and reaches various ports along the coast of China; African crude oil tankers set out from the Atlantic Ocean, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, entered the Indian Ocean, crossed the Straits of Malacca, and arrived at ports along the coast of China. Indonesian, Malaysian and Brunei crude oil tankers crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the coastal ports of China. These three routes constitute the southern oil import channel. Russian crude oil supplies China, which constitutes the northern oil import channel.
Although Malacca Strait is under the jurisdiction of Malaysians, Indonesians and Singaporeans, it also threatens the oil supply security of China. In order to reduce excessive dependence on Malacca Strait, open up better oil import channels and reduce oil import risks, China government attaches great importance to the geographical relationship of energy and actively strengthens cooperation with neighboring countries in the energy field. These include the formation of four major oil transportation channels, namely, China-Kazakhstan and Sino-Russian onshore crude oil transportation channels, Malacca Strait and China-Myanmar offshore crude oil transportation channels.
The China-Kazakhstan oil pipeline has built China's "first oil and gas supply line". The Sino-Kazakhstan oil pipeline jointly built by China and Kazakhstan was formally completed and put into use in June 5438+February 2005, and began to export oil to China in May 2006. The pipeline starts from Atyrau along the Caspian Sea in the west and ends at Alashankou in Xinjiang in the east, with a total length of 3,088 kilometers and a designed annual oil transportation capacity of 20 million tons. In the future, the oil and gas resources of Iran and other countries around the Caspian Sea may also be exported to China and Xinjiang through this pipeline. In addition, the Sino-Kazakhstan natural gas pipeline construction project is being demonstrated, and China has successfully opened the Sino-Kazakhstan onshore oil transportation channel.
Daqing Branch Line of Sino-Russian Far East Oil Pipeline will set up China's "second oil and gas supply line". Russia is China's fourth largest source of crude oil imports. At present, the import of crude oil from Russia mainly depends on railway transportation. Due to the high cost and small volume of railway transportation, both sides have shown great enthusiasm for pipeline transportation. On June 5438+ 10, 2006, the Russian government officially announced that the Tanner pipeline would be started on July 1 2006. The first phase of the project will run from Taishet in central Siberia to Skovorodino near the northeast border of China, with a total length of 2,400 kilometers. It is expected to be delivered by the end of 2008, when the annual oil transportation capacity will reach 30 million tons. Skovorodino will be built in the first phase of Tanner oil pipeline project. In addition, China is planning a number of "oil and gas supply lines".
2.3.2 important mineral resources import transport corridor
Most of China's important mineral resources are imported by sea. In China, 50.0% of iron ore, 20.0% of copper, 50.0% ~ 60.0% of alumina and 90.0% of chromium are imported to China through Malacca Strait, makassar strait and South China Sea. Even the coal imported from Russia is transported to Guangdong port by sea passage.
Recently, the import of mineral products at some land ports began to increase substantially. For example, mineral products from Southeast Asian countries enter the country through ports in Guangxi and Yunnan. The biggest channel for Guangxi to import Vietnamese manganese ore is in Jingxi. From Chongqing, Vietnam, via Pobiao Port, Vietnam, to Yue Wei Port, a border manganese import trade point. Myanmar's mineral products are mainly imported through Yunnan. At present, the mineral products imported from Xinjiang ports account for a small proportion of China's total mineral products imports. A large number of Mongolian mineral products, especially copper, are imported to China through land channels.