Test center 1, clear the central argument
Method guidance
Argument is the author's viewpoint and attitude towards the problem under discussion, and it is a positive statement showing right and wrong attitude. Metaphor, negation, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and interrogative question are usually not used. How to accurately find out the central argument?
1. Positioning method
(1) Start with the topic and grasp the central argument of the article.
The topic is a one-sentence view. The topic is the central argument, and there are two principles: a. The topic must be affirmative; B. the topic must be a judgment sentence.
(2) Some topics are composed of coordinate phrases, and the argument is the relationship between them. Such as "dedication and happiness"-"What is the relationship between dedication and happiness?" The sentence that answers the relationship between the two is an argument. (thinking format: title+"What is the relationship of")
(3) Some questions are composed of biased phrases. Add "what is it" to the question, and the sentences answered in the text are arguments. Such as "the secret of success"-"What is the secret of success?" (thinking format: title+"what is it")
(2) Starting from the beginning and the end, grasp the "central sentence" of the article.
At the beginning of the article, the argument, the so-called opening statement, is pointed out, and it comes straight to the point. At the end of the article, there are many concluding words, such as "So, in a word, so, in a word, in the final analysis ..." Often, the argument is put forward first, discussed at different levels, and finally summarized the central argument.
(3) Look at the middle and refine the argument.
Some articles put forward a central argument in the middle. For example, at the beginning of Dedication and Happiness, I quoted "Dedication and Happiness" and "Living and Happiness" in The Book of Rites and Laozi, and then led to the central argument: I firmly believe that "Dedication and Happiness" is the only way for human life.
2. By demonstrating the key points of counter-reasoning.
The analysis of arguments, whether factual or rational, is to prove the arguments. Look at what the article proves, affirms and supports, and you can get the argument of the article.
3. Extraction method
Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. For example, in Doubt and Learning, the central argument is: "Scholars must doubt first" and "Learning must doubt". Argument 1: Doubt is a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood. Sub-argument ②: Doubt is the basic condition for establishing new theories and inspiring new inventions from positive aspects. The difference between the central argument and the sub-argument should be clear: the sub-argument is used to supplement or prove the central argument.
Identify ideas
The general idea of argumentative writing is: ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems. "Asking questions" is the object of discussion, "analyzing problems" is a comprehensive and in-depth demonstration of the object of discussion, and "solving problems" is a summary of the full text and a central argument. It can be seen that through the analysis of argumentative writing thinking, we can often find the "trace" of the central argument.
Step 5 understand the structure
Different contents and discussion objects will lead to changes in the structure of the article. The common structural modes of argumentative writing are "progressive", "parallel", "total score" and "contrast". Generally speaking, the hierarchical argument structure often ends with the central argument; The argument structure of the total score often puts forward the central argument in the general part; In the structure of comparative argument, the central argument is often in the outstanding aspects of comparing two aspects.
6. Identify elements
The "elements" mentioned here refer to the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation. Usually, an argument is not an argument and can be excluded; Argumentation is not an argument, and it can also be excluded; The rest of the sentence, if it is proved and expounded in full text, is an argument.
Note: Distinguish topics from arguments:
Title: The phenomena, problems and facts to be discussed by the author have no tendency to praise or criticize feelings. It stipulates and limits the scope and focus of the article, and does not indicate whether it is correct or not.
Argument: The author's point of view has an obvious tendency to praise or criticize, that is, affirmation or negation, and there are different opinions, and the argument must include subject and predicate.
Test center two. Methods and functions of analysis and demonstration
Method guidance
1. Distinguishing and demonstrating methods can start with the most common methods:
According to the order of example argument-metaphor argument-comparison argument-reason argument, it can be quickly determined and guaranteed to be foolproof. However, it should be noted that the application of argumentation methods is not necessarily single, and sometimes two or more methods are used at the same time. Nature with more articles, longer length and clear argumentation is the main argumentation method, and vice versa. When answering questions, we should grasp the order of answering questions from the main to the second.