Pan Geng's move to Yin is an important event in the history of China. In the history of Shang dynasty, this move was carried out many times. It is said that Tang moved eight times before, while Yang moved five times before and after. The main activities of businessmen are in the Yellow River Basin. Is it really related to the frequent relocation of the capital by Yin merchants? According to Mr. Cen's textual research, it only happened in the late Ming Dynasty that Zuo's merchants migrated because of the river disaster, which historians have never said before. So, what is the real reason why Yin Shang moved to the capital?
The river disaster before King Ding Zhou or in Shang Dynasty (except the legendary flood) was hardly mentioned in the ancient books, only the Biography of Confucius in Shangshu revealed this meaning a little, which said, "I lost my job, moved to Geng, and the river was destroyed." Whether the true meaning of "Bi" is so remains to be discussed in the following eight articles. Generally speaking, The Biography of Confucius was written by Jin people, and its credibility is not great.
In Pan Geng, there is a saying that "only those who wade in the water move". But "wading into the river" and "moving people" are common actions, not necessarily river disasters. It is also said that "prostitution is a great abuse" and there are many kinds of "abuse". The whole article didn't reveal the meaning of flood. On the other hand, everyone is afraid of the ruthlessness of the flood. Even without the supervision of the rulers, people will take care of their lives and run to other safe places to escape. Suppose that Pan Geng moved to a place where he could avoid water because of the flooding of the river that day, then they would never complain, and there is no need to warn them again and again, because the severity of the flood is naturally understood by most people, and it is not a profound theory.
As far as I can see, the migration of Zuo's merchants due to the river disaster began in the late Ming Dynasty, and historians have never said it before. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Ke continued to write the Encyclopedia of Dredging the Yellow River in Ancient and Modern Times, in which the earliest text was "Thirty-two years since Gengshi, Zu Ti". Qing Huwei said, "Yin people have moved many times, which is probably a river." At the same time, Jin Fu's "On Jia Rang Governing the River" records that "Dayu was miraculous for only 400 years, but the merchants moved to his country five times to avoid the river disaster", and gradually regarded the river disaster as the only reason for the merchants' migration. Ding Shan once said: "Zhou Yu has a cloud ... the river is dry, the business is depressed ... Yulan cited the cloud of the year,' Wen Ding has three years, and the water is exhausted three times a day', which is the so-called river exhaustion." Calling Huan water "river" is the habit of "there is water in the north", which means that the word "river" in ancient Chinese does not necessarily refer to the Yellow River. In order to further understand whether the migration of businessmen is caused by the Yellow River, we need to study the merchants or their migration carefully first, and in the process of research, we must always keep in mind the following three points.
1 The customs and habits of the host country are different from those of the country of residence.
The most important thing is to live with the grass, and there is no certain place to live. Due to the study of the social stage in recent years, some people argue that the Shang nationality still stays in the clan society stage, at best, it entered the early stage of slavery at the end of the Shang Dynasty. Then, in the absence of ancient discrimination, it is a bit confusing to call it "moving the capital". If we apply the viewpoint of modern science, it is nothing more than the transfer of pasture, which is quite different from the nature of moving the capital. Zhang Liao said: "(In recent years) Although some people say that the Shang Dynasty was a nomadic life, living on aquatic plants, it is inevitable to move the capital repeatedly, but it is undeniable that avoiding the river disaster is also one of the reasons for moving the capital ..." Li Feiran said: "Since ancient times, commentators have said that it is a river disaster; It is said that the river disaster is one of the reasons for moving the capital, but it is not allowed to say that Yin moved the capital because of the river disaster. Otherwise, areas that are not affected by rivers will still move. " Guo Moruo believes that "this is quite in tune with the historical shadow of the legendary eight steps of Yin people before Pan Geng and the five steps of Pan Geng (after)" because of the large number of sacrifices used in sacrifices in Shang Dynasty. This frequent migration is a feature of this nomadic people. "Houwailu" also said: "The history books say that the Yang family moved eight times before the Tang Dynasty, while the Yang family moved five times before and after, which shows that the Yang family lived a nomadic life before, so it is impossible to have a city. "Everyone knows to pay attention to this aspect. In fact, Pan Geng's article "I don't often stay in the city, but now I live in five States" has come to the bottom, but the predecessors didn't know what to say, and they used the eyes of later generations to understand the "moving capital" of the Shang nationality, so there were many speculations. Now I understand that the customs of Shang and Zhou dynasties are different, that is, don't rudely inherit the fantasies of predecessors.
Many revived place names in the classical world.
Take the most famous and controversial Bo in the history of Shang Dynasty as an example. Huangfu Mi's "Three Bo Theory" (see the following three items) has been refuted by many predecessors, especially Wang Guowei. He said: "It is only a matter of time before Li Zheng says that the King of Literature, who grew up in the west, is the old capital of the Tang Dynasty, and the land of the South, North and West, will never exist. These three uncles are self-sufficient, similar to those in Zuo Zhuan. In addition, the Spring and Autumn Period allied with Bo for eleven years (? North of Beijing is Zheng's residence. "Historical Records of the Five Emperors" cited the clouds of Huang Lan and was buried in the wild, Dunqiunan, Puyang, and Dongjun, the land of Wei. " Zuo Zhuan's son Yu said that going to Bo was the place to Bo in Song Dynasty. And Huangfu Mi cited three, the name of eighty-nine. There are so many places with the same name "Bo", which I believe are not all directly related to the "capital" of the Shang nationality. Researchers should make choices and trade-offs. This is the case in Bo, and it should be the same in other places with the same name. Furthermore, not only the place names are the same, but even the names related to place names are sometimes the same. For example, Notes on Water Classics (XXIII) and Waters: "In the first year of Jianping, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, the general was buried in soup, which made Qian Changqing go to the flood, which was a blessing to the Han Dynasty. ..... According to the biography of Qin Ning Gong, Tang cut for two years, Bo Wang went to Rong for three years, and Tang died out. However, King Huan of Zhou had his own Wang Bo Tang Hao, who was destroyed by Qin. It is the country of Xirong buried in the levy, not Tang Yin. " According to Records of the Historian and Qin Benji, Ning spent two years in public, "sending troops to attack Dangshe, fighting Bo for three years, and rushing to Rong, thus destroying Dangshe", "Dang, Shewei", Huangfu Mi took "The Kingdom of the West" and "Zhu" as examples, and Historical Records thought that "Xirong Wang, posthumous title Bo Wang, was built as soup".
But no matter how you explain it, you can see that people named "Tang" are sometimes associated with places called "Bo", and there is more than one place called "Bo". If we want to investigate the original "Bo" of the Shang clan, we must find other circumstantial evidence, and we can't think that the conditions are met just because the "Bo" have the same surname. It is because of this mistake that the predecessors did not give a satisfactory answer to the question of where the Shang clan actually visited. The mention of the name "Tang" also caused other problems. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the first male name is Dayi, but I have never seen Tang. After leaving, there is another Tang, one of which is the conjunction of Tang, Dading and Dajia. Wang Guowei's textual research is: "The mouth of Shuowen is:' Cong, Gu Wen and Tang Dynasty. Similar to the shape of soup. "Qi Hou Zhong Ming" in "Bo Gu Map" said: "I have succeeded in becoming the Tang Dynasty, and I have been stricter than the emperor and accepted my fate." He also said,' There is Kyushu in the election, which is blocked by it.' Husband is destined to have Kyushu, and he can only be it unless it becomes soup. "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Gui Zang" as saying: "It is unlucky to cut the soup before, and the gold is in doubt"; Natural History is also a cloud. According to Tang, it is soup, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Tang, it must be the word soup, and then turn it into soup. "According to Tang and Tang, it is unvoiced and voiced. Because of the different dialects, Tang may become Tang. The only first-class historical materials, Oracle bone inscriptions and Jin Ming, are Tang Dynasty soup, but there is a "Wang Bo Tang Hao" in the west. I can't help asking, is it because the name of soup is too similar to soup, and later generations got confused and changed the soup into soup? This is not pure speculation. Just look at Sima Qian's putting the Bo of the Shang Dynasty in Guanzhong (see the following three items), the Tang Tomb of Xi Changqing, and Zheng Xuan's poems that note the Shang Dynasty in the sun of Taihua. That series of books all reveal the traces of mix and match.
3 Shang clan's sphere of influence when it is most powerful
There are too many repetitions of place names in the last article, and we need to make a choice, but how can we make a choice? I thought paying attention to the sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty was one of the ways. The cultural relics unearthed in Yin Ruins are very rich. Whether it was made by businessmen themselves or collected from outside, it was a great country at that time. However, according to the early study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the activity area of Shang clan does not seem to be beyond the central and eastern Henan and its neighboring areas of Hebei and Shandong (which proved to be generally good with the excavation results). Nai has been popularized more and more widely in recent years, and it is concluded that some place names in later generations are the same with the same facts without other evidence. Let's look at so many homophones of "Bo" mentioned in the last article, and the more we think that such geographical research is not only very dangerous, but also almost reckless. The reason for the mistake is that the secrets of ancient history have not been discovered, and the Shang people have always been considered to be very powerful. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have been completely unified for them, so they can migrate to any place; I don't know that this view will be greatly revised after archaeological discoveries in recent years. In other words, when we discuss the migration of the Shang nationality, we should also consider the possible scope of activities of the Shang nationality.
After explaining the matters needing attention, Sri Lanka can further discuss the "relocation" of the Shang nationality.
Feng Jing's Xie said that "all doubts lie in Hebei" (referring to the phase, the Geng, the cover and the election). Except for one or two unknowns, I think this principle can be applied to the center of business activities. Now, in chronological order, make a list of the places discussed above to prove my humble opinion.
If Anyang is the center, Puyang in the southeast, Xunxian in the south and Xingtai in the north, each within 200 miles. It is believed that the areas where businessmen live after history are centered on this, which was unknown before. Nangeng moved to "Jishui River Basin" (the Yellow River) in the two Dynasties or because the pressure of the Di people was too great, then the phrase "only crossing the river to move people" can also be found. Lv Zhenyu said: "After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the main base areas of the Shang Dynasty were in eastern Henan and western Shandong today." My personal research results are roughly the same as his. Yan Bozan said: "The initial starting point of the Yin people is the Yishui River Basin in the northwest of Hebei Plain today. ...... Recently, archaeologists discovered three kinds of Shang soldiers in Yishui Valley, which confirmed exactly that this part of Yin people lived in Yishui Valley until the Bronze Age. " (Three soldiers are Yamato, Dadu and Daxie) "In the legendary Chekhov era, it should still be active in the Hebei Plain and even along the Bohai Sea in Hebei, so the so-called Chekhov. According to other legends, the migration of Yin people was neither the whole clan nor all of them moved south, and some of them stayed in Hebei all the time. " According to Yizhou, it is doubtful whether these soldiers are relics of Shang clan. The settlement theory of Yishui River Basin seems to be influenced by Wang Guowei's textual research. Besides, I agree with what Yan said. It has not been proved that the Shang clan has moved repeatedly and in a wide range, which is purely a river disaster. (1) People have drawn a map of the Yuhe River or put the Neihuang River to the east of the river, but the so-called Yuhe River is only the river after Zhou Dingwang, not the river before Shang Dynasty (see section 6). (2) Historically, floods in Henan Province rarely rushed to the Yellow River. The so-called "Dong Ye" doesn't know how far it is from Dong Ye (see section VIII (b) below). If you want to prove it with facts, you must rely on a lot of archaeological excavations. However, disaster is what human beings, especially semi-open countries, fear most. If merchants move repeatedly to avoid river disasters, then we should learn from the past and move far away. Why can't we walk for 200 to 300 miles? Only at this point, it is difficult for us to adhere to the argument of "river disaster"
From Pan Geng to Di Xin, we haven't moved for the first time 12. From the perspective of the historical changes of the Yellow River, it can be considered that the Yellow River did not pass there. On the other hand, from the perspective of social development history, we think that the so-called repeated migration in the former dynasty was only the transfer of nomadic tribes to pastures, and the non-migration in the later dynasty gradually turned into urban life. In other words, these fragments of materials are the expression of the transition from clan society to slave society. It can also be imagined that slavery began at the end of Shang Dynasty.
It is even more necessary to make necessary supplements here. The old saying that "Shangqiu returns to virtue in Liang and Suiyang" has been corrected in detail in the first two items. However, people who have recently studied Oracle Bone Inscriptions still stick to this explanation and pay little attention to the geographical stratification of Shang and Song Dynasties. We have to make a general statement. Shangqiu, Bo, Xiang and Beimeng are the prominent dwellings of Shang nationality, and the traces of stratification are as follows:
Just look at these four monuments in Anyang area, and at the same time these four monuments appear in Guide area. Just like the examples mentioned in the first three items, there are four towers in China and India, and there are four towers in North India, so the problem shows signs of stratification. Look at Shangqiu, Bohai and Beimeng (except Xiang), which are adjacent to Yin Ruins in the north and three historical sites in the south. At present, they are concentrated in Shangqiu County, which is particularly close to the reproduction of historical sites, unlike ethnic migration. This is a very suspicious gap, but archaeologists have not paid attention to it. There is no doubt that other forces, called Shang Sima, are quite common (at present, towns and villages in eastern Henan and western Shandong are mostly named after Sima), and they are all in Linzhang, but the former site of Bo can't be found near Shangqiu (see above). According to Chen's recent introduction, the worship of Shang started with Shang, and the emperors in its historical period put Shang first. Compared with the two, Shangqiu, which returned to Germany, was not the birthplace of Shang nationality.
What needs to be revealed is Qiu Rixiu's theory of river management: "When Zhong Ding of Shang Dynasty decided Shangqiu, he would divide Huai into the sea, while the river divided Huai and Wuyi divided Huai." In ancient times, although there were different opinions and differences, most of the historical materials he quoted were wrong, especially the Yellow River, which did not enter you. We don't need to make redundant refutation.
Based on complicated textual research, it can be simplified to the following conclusion: since Yu is not an emperor, it depends on whether there is news of the Yellow River in the history of Shang Dynasty. "Preface to Shangshu" and "Historical Records of Yin Benji" all say that merchants have moved repeatedly, but no reasons have been given. It was only in the later Biography of Confucius that Zu Ti was destroyed by the river, and people in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties further suspected that it was because of the river disaster, which is a very important issue in studying the changes of ancient rivers.
In order to keep out the cold and keep warm, nomadic people moved repeatedly within one year. The early Shang nationality was still a semi-pastoral society. We should not equate the relocation of a country with the capital of the country where we live. This is the first point. Ancient geographical stratification, as explained earlier, according to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and topography, Shangqiu is the ancestral home of Shang nationality, which should be in Puyang today. Let's not take the hierarchical name as the original address. This is the second point. From this perspective, we can do geographical archaeology, knowing that the activity center of Shang Dynasty started from Xingtai in the north, Anyang in the south, Neihuang, Puyang and Fiona Fang in the southeast for hundreds of miles. The so-called "relocation" is probably only a description of the habits of nomadic people, and it is not clear that it is related to the Yellow River burst.
The content is taken from the changing history of the Yellow River.
History of the Yellow River changes
Author: Cen Zhongmian.
Press: Chongqing Publishing House
Book number: 978-7-229-16251-1
Date of publication: March 2022
Pricing: 128.00 yuan
Classification: history, social sciences