The types of mine geological disasters in southwest China are complex and diverse. The main disasters include landslide, debris flow, collapse, ground subsidence, ground fissures, spontaneous combustion of coal gangue, land desertification, dam break of tailings dam, mine water inrush and other mine geological disasters (Figure 3- 1). According to incomplete statistics, all kinds of mine geological disasters reached 206 1 time (Table 3- 10), including 432 landslides, accounting for 20.9% of the total number of disasters; Debris flow 175, accounting for 8.4% of the total disaster; 527 times of land subsidence and collapse, accounting for 25.5% of the total number of disasters; Collapse 3 16, accounting for15.3% of the total number of disasters; There are 484 ground fissures, accounting for 23.5% of the total number of disasters; The mine water inrush is 12 1, accounting for 5.87% of the total number of disasters; There are 6 geological disasters in other mines, accounting for 0.5 1%. In the above-mentioned mine geological disasters, land subsidence and ground fissures are the most common, followed by landslides and collapses.

Table 3- 10 Statistics unit of mine geological disasters in Southwest China: times

Note: Other geological disasters include spontaneous combustion of coal gangue and dam failure of tailings pond.

According to the scale classification standard of mine geological disasters in the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of National Investigation and Evaluation of Mine Geological Environment (China Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, 2002) (Table 3- 1 1), mine geological disasters in Southwest China can be divided into three categories: large, medium and small. Among them, there are 58 large-scale mine geological disasters, accounting for 2.81%of the total disasters; Medium 147 times, accounting for 7.13% of the total number of disasters; Minor disasters 1856, accounting for 90.06% of the total number of disasters (table 3- 12).

Table 3- 1 1 Classification of Common Geological Hazards

Remarks: As long as one of the indicators is met.

Table 3- 12 Grade of Mine Geological Hazards in Southwest China

The number of mine geological disasters in southwest China is 694 in Yunnan Province (Table 3- 12), accounting for 33.67% of the total number of disasters. Followed by 586 times in Sichuan Province, accounting for 28.43% of the total number of disasters; Thirdly, there were 48/kloc-0 disasters in Guizhou, accounting for 23.34% of the total disasters; 254 times in Chongqing, accounting for12.32% of the total number of disasters; The number of mine geological disasters in Tibet is the least, accounting for 46 times, accounting for 2.23% of the total number of disasters.

1. Types and scale of mine geological disasters in Yunnan Province

There are 694 mine geological disasters in the province, mainly concentrated in non-ferrous metal mines. According to incomplete statistics, there are 3065 mining sites (pits), 1000 mineral processing plants, 29 12 waste rock piles and 544 tailings ponds (piles) in Yunnan province (table 3- 13). Landslide 17 1 (large 14, medium-23, small 134), 56 landslides (medium-6, small-50) and 78 mudslides (large-4, medium-0/2). Ground subsidence 169 (3 large ones, 0/9 medium ones, 0/53 small ones), mine water inrush14, ground fissure 179 and drainage spring 100. Landslides, ground fissures and ground subsidence are the most common types of mine geological disasters, and other types are less.

2. Types and scale of mine geological disasters in Guizhou Province

The mine geological disasters in Guizhou Province mainly occur in coal mines, followed by metal mines, and the mine geological disasters are 48 1. Among them, there were 8 major disasters, accounting for1.66% of the total number of disasters; Medium-sized disasters 12, accounting for 2.50% of the total number of disasters; Minor disasters were 46 1, accounting for 95.84% of the total number of disasters. There are 62 landslides, 2 large ones, 5 medium ones and 55 small ones. Collapse 57 times, big 1 time, medium 2 times, small 54 times; Debris flow 12 times, large/kloc-0 times, medium-sized 2 times and small-sized 9 times; Land subsidence 55 times, medium 1 time, 54 times smaller; Ground subsidence 106 times, large/kloc-0 times, medium/kloc-0 times, small/kloc-0 times; Ground fissure 16 1 time, large 1 place, medium 1 place and small 159 place; There are 28 mine water inrush places, 2 big ones and 26 small ones (Table 3- 14).

3. Types and scale of mine geological disasters in Sichuan Province

The number of mine geological disasters in Sichuan Province is only 586 times less than that in Yunnan Province. Among them, there are 0/30 landslides, accounting for 22.9% of the total disasters in Sichuan. There are 78 mudslides, accounting for13.3% of the total disasters in Sichuan; Ground collapse 147 times, accounting for 25. 1% of the total disasters in Sichuan. Collapse 102, accounting for16.9% of the total disasters in Sichuan; There are 87 ground fissures, accounting for14.8% of the total disasters in Sichuan; 37 times of mine water inrush, accounting for 6.3% of the total disasters in Sichuan; Other mine geological disasters 5 times. Among all kinds of mine geological disasters, the major disaster is 2 1, accounting for 3.6% of the total disasters; 53 medium-sized disasters, accounting for 9.1%of the total number of disasters; Less than 5 12 times, accounting for 87.4% of the total number of disasters.

Table 3- 13 Environmental Geological Problems of Major Mines in Yunnan Province

Table 3- 14 Statistical Table of Types, Scale and Harmfulness of Mine Geological Disasters in Guizhou Province

4. Types and scale of mine geological disasters in Chongqing.

The mine geological disasters in Chongqing are also very serious, mainly coal mines. According to incomplete statistics, there were 254 geological disasters in various mines. Among them, there are 69 landslides, accounting for 27.1%; 6 mudslides, accounting for 2.4%; There are 39 ground collapses, accounting for15.3%; 87 crashes, accounting for 34.2%; There are 37 ground fissures, accounting for14.6%; Mine water inrush 15 times, accounting for 5.9%; Other mine geological disasters 1 time. Six large-scale geological disasters occurred in various mines, accounting for 2.30%; Medium 18 times, accounting for 7.09%; 230 times smaller, accounting for 90.55%.

5. Mine geological disasters in Xizang Autonomous Region.

The development of mineral resources in Tibet is short and the scale is not large, and the problem of mine geological disasters is not prominent. According to the incomplete statistics of Tibet Geological Environment Monitoring Station, there are 46 kinds of geological disasters in Tibet. Among them, there are collapse 14, ground fissure 20, ground collapse 1 1 and debris flow 1. Geological disasters in Tibet mainly occur in Luobusa chromite and Langxian chromite, followed by Yulong Copper Mine.

(2) the hazards of geological disasters in mines

Mine geological disasters in southwest China are quite serious, resulting in direct economic losses of 2.562 billion yuan and deaths 1982 people. In terms of economic losses, Guizhou Province is the most serious, with a direct economic loss of 65.438+0.58 billion yuan, accounting for 665.438+0.67% of the total losses in Southwest China. Followed by Chongqing, the direct economic loss was 383 million yuan, accounting for15.34% of the total loss in southwest China; Third, the direct economy of Yunnan Province is 307 million yuan, accounting for 1 1.90% of the total loss in Southwest China. The direct economic loss of Sichuan is 290 million yuan, accounting for 1 1.3 1% of the total loss in southwest China. The direct economic loss of geological disasters in Tibet is the least, which is 0.010.78 billion yuan. The causes of direct economic losses in Guizhou and Chongqing are related to the types of coal mine mudslides and sudden floods.

From the death toll of mine geological disasters, Yunnan Province has the largest death toll, which is 1.203, accounting for 60.70% of the total death toll of mine geological disasters in southwest China. Followed by Sichuan Province, the death toll was 358, accounting for 18.06% of the total number of mine deaths in southwest China. Guizhou Province again, with 288 deaths, accounting for14.53% of the total deaths in southwest China; There were 130 deaths in Chongqing, accounting for 12.32% of the total number of mine deaths in southwest China. The number of mine geological disasters in Tibet is the least, with 3 people, accounting for 0. 15% of the total number of mine geological disasters in southwest China. The reason for the large number of deaths caused by geological disasters in mines in Yunnan Province is related to the sudden mudslides and landslides in non-ferrous metal mines. The mine geological disaster with the greatest economic loss in Guizhou Province is land subsidence.

1. Hazards of mine geological disasters in Yunnan Province

Geological disasters in mines in Yunnan Province have caused direct economic losses of 307 million yuan, with 1203 deaths. Over the years, mine geological disasters in this province have damaged or threatened the safety of at least 200 roads and 500 villages, and buried more than 4,000 hectares of cultivated land. Landslides and collapses (227 times) are the most harmful, affecting and destroying the land area of 2 163.36hm2, various buildings 120× 104 m2, and more than 65,438 highways, resulting in direct economic losses 1.4 1 billion yuan. There were 78 mudslides, resulting in direct economic losses of 79 million yuan and 362 deaths; Ground subsidence 169, with an area of 994.54hm2, with a single area of 0.3~ 10m ~ 64 hm2, mainly in small and medium scale, with a circular, semi-circular and strip shape, and the subsidence depth of 0.3~ 10m, which affects the damaged roads nearly100,650. Ground fissures 179, often associated with mined-out areas, are distributed in strips. The width of a single crack is 1cm to several meters, and the length is several meters to more than 2000 meters. The main hazards are damaging houses, destroying cultivated land, threatening the safe production in the mining area, and causing direct economic losses of 24 million yuan. 465,438+0 mine water inrush is mainly caused by factors such as digging through the water-resisting floor or opening the original mining adit when mining the ore body below the groundwater level, or the main flat pit is located near the river, affected by the fault fracture zone, the roof water-resisting layer is deformed and falls, and the support is poor, resulting in river leakage. The main harm of mine water inrush is flooding the well, affecting the production in the mining area, threatening the safety of underground personnel, and sometimes causing the surface river to stop flowing. For example, the water inrush from Yuxi Coal Mine flooded the mine for 380m, resulting in the interruption of Longtan, and the water inrush from Beiya Gold Mine stopped production for 40 days.

2. The hazards of mine geological disasters in Guizhou Province

All kinds of mine geological disasters in Guizhou province caused direct economic losses 1545438+0 billion yuan, indirect economic losses of 2.248 billion yuan, and 288 people died. Among them, there are 62 landslides, mainly in shallow loose layers, with few rock landslides, resulting in direct economic losses of 265.438+0.6 billion yuan, indirect economic losses of 465.438+0./kloc-0.80 billion yuan, and 48 people died. Collapse is a common and threatening disaster in Guizhou province, which is sudden, difficult to prevent and harmful. 57 collapses killed 84 people, threatening 1206 1 houses, 125 16 people and1/7.5km highway. Debris flow 12 killed 27 people, destroyed 87.85hm2 of land, and caused direct economic loss of 4150,000 yuan and indirect economic loss of 673 million yuan. The ground collapses at 106, with a diameter of 2-30m, a maximum of 120m, a minimum of1.5-3m, a depth of 0.5-3m, a maximum of 15m and an area of 0.4km2, and most of them are vertical shafts or giant pot bottoms. There are many ground fissures nearby and a large area collapses. The ground fissure is10 ~100m long and 0.2 ~ 6m wide. The distribution of subsidence is controlled by goaf, and the two distributions are basically the same. Its harm destroyed 50 1.67hm2 of cultivated land and woodland, destroyed more than 50 roads 100, and cracked more than 0/00 houses of villagers, resulting in a direct economic loss of about RMB 05 million. The ground fissures at 16 1 are often associated with mined-out areas, and a few appear in groups due to the decline of groundwater level. The crack spacing is 0.2 ~ 1.5m, the extension is generally 20 ~ 200m, a few are 500 ~ 800m, some are 1000m, and the crack width is generally 0.2 ~ 600m ... A single crack reaches 100m (from the surface,/kloc-0 For example, the slope crack distribution area of Wangjiazhai Copper Factory in Zhongshan District of Liupanshui City is 2km2. The damage caused a direct economic loss of RMB 300 million. More than 0/00 houses, warehouses and schools were torn and collapsed, and the cultivated land leaked and was barren. The tunnel was flooded, and livestock slipped into cracks and died. In Dahe-Fu Na area alone, 5 km2 of cultivated land was destroyed. There are 55 ground subsidence areas, mainly distributed in coal mines. For example, there are 19 mined-out areas in Liupanshui City, which have caused land subsidence and destroyed 2850hm2 of cultivated land and 436.3hm2 of forest land, and 4 18km of various roads and 3 10 villages and houses cracked, resulting in direct economic losses of about 578 million yuan, which is the biggest mine geological disaster in Guizhou Province. There were 28 cases of mine water inrush, 53 people died and the direct economic loss was nearly 100 million yuan.

3. Danger of mine geological disasters in Sichuan Province

All kinds of mine geological disasters in Sichuan Province have caused direct economic losses of 290 million yuan, with 358 deaths and an affected area of 5 1352.59hm2, including landslides 130, direct economic losses of1400,000 yuan, 88 deaths and indirect economic losses of nearly 300 million yuan. There were 78 mudslides, with direct economic loss of 20 million yuan and death 168 people. The ground collapsed at 147, and the pit diameter was 5 ~ 10m, and the pit depth was 6m, showing a funnel shape. The subsidence and deformation area of coal mine goaf in Baoding area only reached 15.79km2, resulting in direct economic loss of 82 million yuan and 36 deaths. There are 87 ground fissures, the depth is generally 0.5 ~ 3m, the deepest is 5m, the width is 0.05~0.4m, the widest is 1m, the length is from a dozen meters to hundreds of meters, the longest is 1000m, and the main fissure spacing is 3 ~ 5m, resulting in direct economic loss of RMB 30 million and 8 deaths. Collapse 102, resulting in a direct economic loss of 20 million yuan and 48 deaths.

4. The harmfulness of mine geological disasters in Chongqing

All kinds of mine geological disasters in Chongqing caused direct economic losses of 383 million yuan, with 130 deaths and an affected area of 9375.78hm2, among which 58 people died due to collapse, accounting for 44.6 1% of the total number of deaths. For example, 42 people died in Jigongzui1994 in Kangjia Township, Hechuan City, and 42 people died in Jiguanling, Wulong County 16. The collapse caused direct economic loss 1 100 million yuan and indirect economic loss of 700 million yuan; 22 people died in the landslide of gangue hill, accounting for 654.38+06.95438+0% of the total death population, and the direct economic loss was 25 million yuan; Mine water inrush is the biggest direct economic loss of mine geological disaster in Chongqing, accounting for 240 million yuan, accounting for 65.28% of the total direct economic loss, with 2 1 person killed. For example, on September 10, 2003, a major flooding accident occurred in He Chuan Coal Mine in Yongdong Town, Xiushan County, causing 18 deaths.

Among all kinds of mine geological disasters in Chongqing, the energy mine (coal mine) is the most harmful, among which 1 18 people died and the direct economic loss was 368 million yuan, accounting for 96.08% of the total loss. Metal ore (mainly manganese ore) caused the second harm, with 8 deaths and a direct economic loss of 80 million yuan, accounting for 2.09% of the total loss; Four people died in the nonmetallic mine, and the direct economic loss was 700 million yuan, accounting for 1.83% of the total loss.

5. Danger of mine geological disasters in Xizang Autonomous Region.

All kinds of mine geological disasters in Tibet mainly occurred in chromite and copper mines, followed by coal mines, resulting in a cumulative direct economic loss of 0.0 1.78 billion yuan and three deaths. Among them, there were 0/4 collapses/kloc-0, and three people died, resulting in economic losses of1130,000 yuan, accounting for 64.04% of the total losses; Followed by 1 1 ground collapse, the area is about 10hm2, and the direct economic loss is 600,000 yuan, accounting for 33.70% of the total loss. There are 20 ground fissures, and the direct economic loss is 40,000 yuan, accounting for 2.24% of the total loss; Debris flow 1, direct economic loss 1 ten thousand yuan, accounting for 0.06% of the total loss.