Summary of key knowledge of Chinese in senior one.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part I
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Volume II
Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part III
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.
Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ Specific appellation ④ Emphasis or emphasis.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part IV
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part V
Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.
Six logical orders: ① Total score ② Phenomenon essence ③ Causality ④ Conclusion ⑤ Specific part ⑤ Whole ⑤ Primary and secondary.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part VI
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.
Basic knowledge points of junior one Chinese: Part VII
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
Induction of the knowledge of compulsory Chinese examination in grade one of junior high school.
First, vocabulary accumulation (add some phonetic notation)
Obsession and secrecy, condensed into a loud moment, sobbing and dizzy, carefully harassing a break, destroying mediocrity and shaking the sky, splashing and independence, laughing, fairy dew, flowers and bees circling the butterfly array, struggling to wash and defile Wolong, cursing the embryonic form of Ran Ran, stringed instruments, meticulously carved, concrete and subtle, joking and leisurely, telling bad luck, relaxed and dangerous, persistent and urging luxury. Dry, dry, clear, dream, dream, gloomy and ethereal, green bones, ominous peaks, silent hunting for a moment, lonely boat in the high sea, blue tiles flying, lonely people are dim and ethereal. Hazel Hazel Play in Cleisthenes, Twinkling Twins, Itchy Potato Chips, Stumbling 2. Text understanding 1. Beyond the Mountain is selected from Wang Jiaxin's Changjiang Literature and Art.. This is a modern poem, and the poet uses symbolism to express mountains and seas. Use the sea as a metaphor for ideals, mountains as a metaphor for difficulties, and climbing mountains as a metaphor for hard struggle. Tell people: the journey to the ideal life is long, but as long as we persevere, the ideal realm will eventually be realized.
2. The author of "Take One Step, Take Another Step" is American writer Morton? Hunter, what is this article about? Me? Once as a child? Run away? Experience. However, the article contains a philosophy: on the road of life, no matter what difficulties and obstacles you face, as long as you break down the big difficulties into small ones and solve the small ones seriously, you will eventually overcome the huge difficulties and win the final victory.
3. Life Life is an essay by Hong Kong woman writer Xing Linzi (whose real name is Xia Liu). This paper leads to the correct through three examples. The desire for life? 、? Vitality? And then what? Life? Three thoughts are triggered from different aspects: that is, we must be responsible for ourselves, make good use of life and make life more meaningful; Let the limited life play its infinite value and let us live more wonderfully; Cherish life, cherish time, make unremitting efforts, fight for life and live bravely.
4. Wisteria Falls is an essay by Zong Pu, a female writer, selected from The Language of the Iron Flute. By stopping to watch a wisteria tree in full bloom, this paper turns the original sadness and anxiety into peace and joy. Realize? Flowers and people will encounter all kinds of misfortunes, but the long river of life has no end? . We can't let yesterday's misfortune overwhelm people. Everyone should, like wisteria, devote themselves to the long river of life with full vitality and sail on the shining river of flowers.
5. Childlike interest is selected from Six Chapters of a Floating Life by Shen Fu, a writer in Qing Dynasty? Leisure and fun? The first chapter, the main idea of this article is the writer's childhood? Interest in external things? .
6. Ideal is a modern philosophical poem by the poet Liushahe. This poem tells people from three aspects: the historical significance, personality significance and life significance of ideals: if you want to have ideals in life, you will have fruitful results as long as you establish them and make unremitting efforts for them.
7. The Street Tree in two short essays is the work of Taiwan Province woman writer Zhang Xiaofeng. Through the confession of street trees, this paper expresses the minds of devotees and praises their lofty spirit. The image of street trees in this paper is the image of selfless devotees. Another article, which is really good for the first time, was written by Zhou Sushan, a female writer in Taiwan Province. This article expresses the author's feeling that the more firsts in life, the more colorful life will be. Of course, the first time mentioned by the author is the first time that is beneficial to body and mind.
8. The author of The Fable of Life is Zhou. Among them, The White Rabbit and the Moon tells people that having huge interests will arouse endless gains and losses. The Prince in Distress tells people through the prince's experience that bad luck can make fragile people strong.
9. The author of My Faith is the famous Polish scientist Mary? Curie (Madame Curie), in this article, the author expounds three qualities that a scientific worker should possess. First, the purpose of scientific work is to explore the truth, not? Seek material benefits. ? Second, scientific work needs freedom, tranquility and time. Third, scientific research needs dedication. Dedication is the core of this article. It is also the basis of Madame Curie's ideological quality.
10, The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, with a total of 20 articles, which is one of the Confucian classics. Some of the ten items selected in this paper talk about learning methods, such as? Isn't it a pleasant thing to persevere and work hard? ,? Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous? ; Some talk about learning attitude, such as? How about seeing Si Qi? See Si Qi for introspection. In a threesome, there must be a teacher, choose the good one and follow it, and change the bad one. ? There are also people who become self-cultivation, such as? Scholars can't help becoming Hongyi, they still have a long way to go. Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you? Wait a minute.
1 1 Spring is a lyric prose by Zhu Ziqing, whose masterpiece is Moonlight on the Lotus Pond.
Second, Chinese recitation and dictation
Comprehensive dictation to fill in the blanks
(1) Fill in the blanks with the original words in Ten Articles of the Analects.
1. Elaborate? I have three provinces a day? The content of this sentence is:
2. explain it? Study? With what? Think? The dialectical relationship of this sentence is:
3. It is suggested that the way of treating people advocated by Confucianism (or pushing yourself and others) is:
4. There are ten sentences in The Analects of Confucius, which say that seeking truth from facts is the attitude of a wise man. This sentence is:
In group cooperative learning, Zhang Hong often felt that many ideas of other students inspired him, which made him say to Confucius? ,? The experience is more profound.
6. After joining the WTO, we should learn from developed countries with an open mind, but developed countries have advantages and disadvantages, so our attitude should be:
Xiao Ming has good academic performance and strong organizational ability, but he just transferred to our class and was not known by his classmates, so he failed in the class cadre election. Teacher Li quoted two sentences from Ten Analects of Confucius? ,? Helped him untie the knot in his heart.
② "Looking at the Sea"
1. The sentence that shows the vitality of the island in the sea view is:
2. The poem that reflects the magnificence of the sea and the poet's broad mind to see the sea is:
(3) A berth at the foot of Beibao Mountain.
1. The famous sentence about the philosophy of life in the poem "A berth under the North Fort Mountain" is (or a poem that shows the natural law of time series change and the replacement of the old and the new, or two poems that are lyrical and contain natural interest):
2. The poem "A berth at the foot of Beibao Mountain" can best reflect the author's homesickness:
3. In the poem "A berth under the North Fort Mountain", Wang Wan describes the sentence that the water surface is wide and the sails float with the wind at high tide:
Chinese learning methods and suggestions in junior middle schools
1, language accumulation is serious.
Language accumulation not only refers to the accumulation and recitation of ancient poems and modern poems, but also includes the accumulation of vocabulary, famous sayings, proverbs and aphorisms. In recent years, accumulated questions account for a certain proportion in the Chinese test questions of senior high school entrance examination. Their positions in the test paper may be listed separately for centralized examination, or they may be placed in reading questions, and some areas are placed in? Add test paper? Chinese: But in any case, we should pay attention to it in our daily study and in the review of the senior high school entrance examination. Because language accumulation is a traditional Chinese education experience in China, it is an excellent way to promote students' learning and improve Chinese teaching to examine students' language accumulation through examinations.
In the review, we should memorize the famous poems and paragraphs that are required to be recited in the Chinese curriculum standards and textbooks, and do not add, delete, misuse words and punctuation when dictation. I will write the title of the poem and the author's name, carefully read the extracurricular reading materials required by the Chinese curriculum standards, consciously make information cards, and collect famous sayings and words. In addition, in daily reading, we should also pay attention to the accumulation and refinement of some commonly used poems and sentences after class. It should be pointed out that the cumulative learning of famous sentences should be able to understand their meanings and use them accurately and appropriately in the context. You can also use the method of classification to sort out the accumulated famous sentences for comparative study and memory.
The accumulation of words also includes commonly used idioms, synonyms and antonyms. At the same time of accumulation, we should master the rules of its application, such as language environment, praise and criticism color, etc.
2. Strengthen the cultivation of language use ability.
The scope of language use is very wide, including pronunciation, Chinese characters, grammar, rhetoric, extracurricular reading, oral communication, comprehensive learning and so on. Generally speaking, phonetic examination is to pronounce words that are easy to read and easy to make mistakes accurately according to the requirements of context, including some polyphonic words, similar words, words that can't be distinguished before and after nasal vowels and some initials in dialects, and common words are the scope of examination; The examination of Chinese characters involves two aspects: one is to correct typos, the other is to write in a standardized, correct and neat way; Examine grammar and rhetoric from the perspective of application, such as modifying sick sentences; Rhetoric is a common test, such as imitation, continuation and filling in the blanks. The figures of speech generally investigated are parallelism, duality, metaphor, and conciseness, coherence and appropriateness in negative rhetoric.
Common language use problems include writing advertisements according to the provided materials, retelling their contents in combination with tables, designing relevant columns for newspapers, commenting on related life phenomena and summarizing the main contents of news. The examination of comprehensive learning may lead to the design of activity plan and the display and analysis of activity results. These questions are very flexible and can't be ignored in training.
3, according to the spirit of curriculum standards, improve reading literacy.
The requirements of the senior high school entrance examination documents of the Ministry of Education for modern Chinese reading are mainly extracurricular materials. Obviously, modern Chinese reading should mainly focus on the transfer and application of knowledge. In retrospect, we should do the following:
First, choose good reading materials. In other words, there are three practical styles in literary works: narrative, expository and argumentative, as well as prose and novel (poetry and drama rarely appear in the examination questions). Naturally, the content should be selected, the language and writing should be good, the ideological content should be good, the cultural connotation should be deep, and the explanatory text should be scientific and contemporary. Generally, the length should be between 1000 words and 1500 words. The number of words can be broken and cannot be deleted at will.
Second, we should pay attention to the overall understanding and perception. Being able to accurately grasp the main content, important viewpoints and ideas of the article and understand the meaning of its image is the key point of reading the article. Because only in this way can we correctly grasp the key to solving other problems.
The third is to clarify the writing ideas of the article. That is to clarify the text structure of the article and grasp the ingenuity of the author's layout. This is an important aspect of exploring the artistic characteristics of the article, and it is also an indispensable link to grasp the center and focus of the article.
Fourth, we can accurately understand the meaning of key words and sentences according to the language environment. Key words and sentences, sometimes, look ordinary and plain, but if you think about it carefully, you will find that they have very profound connotations. To explore the center and theme of an article, we often have to understand a word or an important sentence. Therefore, in the review, we should exercise our ability to find and understand such words and sentences.
Fifth, I can use the spirit of inquiry to put forward my own views on the views or writing skills of the article. Such questions are generally open-ended questions. According to the materials, you can not only answer with normal thinking mode, but also express your views and opinions with divergent thinking and reverse thinking. The answers to these questions are generally not fixed, but they must be reasonable and convincing. This is also the most used question type in recent years.
Sixth, we can think and expand according to the content of the article. Judging from the test questions of the senior high school entrance examination in recent years, many reading questions have been appropriately expanded, such as linking the knowledge described in the explanatory text with the phenomena in life and requiring knowledge transfer; Starting with the content of the narrative, it is required to summarize the articles, make cards, and enjoy the transferred pictures according to the content. This kind of examination questions is quite flexible and valuable, which should attract our attention.
Classical Chinese reading materials mainly come from in-class, but there are also many areas that examine the combination of in-class and out-of-class or only the out-of-class materials. These materials are easy to understand. Compared with before, there have been some changes in the examination methods. We can see that the design of the topic includes not only the translation of commonly used words and sentences unique to the classical Chinese exam, but also the understanding of key words and phrases, the grasp of the content of the article, and the same open questions as modern Chinese to examine the ability of exploration and innovation. Because, paying attention to the accumulation of ancient poetry, students' understanding has also improved accordingly, and it is naturally more difficult to read classical Chinese. We should also pay attention to comparing and reading two similar articles, find out their similarities and differences, and summarize their laws.
What needs to be emphasized is that we should have a certain understanding of the contents of extracurricular reading items stipulated in the new curriculum standard and syllabus, such as their main stories, main characters' personalities, wonderful fragments and so on. , which can say yes? Extended reading? Appreciation scope: There are many examination questions in recent years, from multiple-choice questions to short-answer questions, from comparative reading to classical Chinese prose. This kind of question is not difficult, but the usual degree of attention is not enough, which may also have an impact on the answer.
4. Effective training to improve writing ability
The composition of the senior high school entrance examination is a subjective question with the highest score. Due to improper teaching methods, the tendency of marking papers is obvious, and insufficient attention is paid to composition training, which also affects the improvement of composition level and ability. In review, we should grasp the characteristics of composition proposition and choose appropriate methods. According to the composition of the senior high school entrance examination in recent years, there are roughly four types of questions: topic composition, propositional composition, semi-propositional composition and material composition.
The topic of topic composition is not a proposition, it is a broad concept, or a writing range. Generally speaking, there is no limit to the selection of the topic composition, as long as it does not exceed the scope of the topic; There is no limitation of style, and writers can choose their own style according to their own specialties and the needs of content expression.
True feelings are the soul of writing a good composition. There should be rich emotions between the lines, not just use them? Pen? Write, but should use? Heart? Write, share happiness, cry and sorrow, worry and sorrow with the characters written in the article, and vent your feelings to the fullest. Love should be sincere and strong, and approval should be sharp and profound. You can't write a narrative without taking notes When taking notes, you should not only describe it delicately and vividly, but also write out the value and significance of this kind of thing to life, as well as the enlightenment and sentiment gained from it. To do this, we must have a pair of eyes with unique perspectives and a brain that will actively think, explore and innovate. Only in this way can we be creative, insightful and innovative. To write an argumentative essay, we should establish a correct viewpoint, that is, an argument, choose appropriate facts and factual arguments, and use a variety of argumentation methods to make the truth tenable and convincing. When writing prose, you should use lyrical brushstrokes, praise beautiful things, or express sincere feelings and attitudes in your heart. If you choose the right angle and have a clever idea, you can also use the form of Song Tao. However, it should be noted that the narrative should be focused, not a running account, and the significance and value of things should be pointed out in appropriate places; The arguments should be profound, well-founded and convincing, and should not be exaggerated and empty; Prose and poetic language should be relatively subtle and profound, and if it is too straightforward, it will lack the poetry and emotional appeal it deserves.
Also give the article a good title. It is often said that a good beginning is half the battle? If this statement refers to the sentence and language at the beginning of the article, then we can also say? A good topic is half the battle? . We have seen many good topics: some outline and point out the content of the article; Some metaphors are implicit and suggestive; Some of them are ethereal and full of artistic spirituality, and these topics will add a lot of color to the article. We have seen many excellent compositions in the examination room, and the topics are also very distinctive, such as: bringing the beauty of dawn to me who was once lost; There is a bird outside the window; The dream of eternal pursuit; Growing up feels a little astringent. The key to writing a propositional composition is to examine the questions. Compared with the topic composition, it is less than the requirement of independent proposition, but the topic is limited and it can't run when writing. If you write a semi-propositional composition, you should first fill in the relevant words on the horizontal line and complete the topic. Fill in the content can be provided in brackets, or start a new stove. The material of the composition is very similar to the topic composition with quotations, but the function is different. The materials of the topic composition are only used to lead to the topic, and the materials of the composition can also be directly applied to the composition. There are many routine requirements in writing, such as being careful and proper, ingenious in conception, standardized in writing, accurate in punctuation, etc., which should be paid attention to when writing. If you master good learning methods, think in your study and accumulate in your study, you will certainly achieve ideal results in the senior high school entrance examination.
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Go on the road with introspection
Introspection is water, watering the tree of success; Introspection is fire, lighting the lamp of hop