Qu Yuan, a native of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period, was an outstanding politician and patriotic poet. The name is flat and the word is original. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei) people.
Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty. Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying.
In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from Ying Capital and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal. The date of his suicide may be May 5th.
It may be very close to this day. May 5th was originally a traditional festival of Chu, and later people took it as a day to commemorate Qu Yuan.
I know little about Qu Yuan's works, including Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1) and Nine Chapters (9).
, "Evocation", every 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. "JIU· Govin" is ancient.
"Nine Songs" is a rare and peculiar poem today, which is a group of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. A large number of gods are shaped in the poem, most of which are love songs between people and gods.
. There are many reasons for the conflict between Qu Yuan and the supreme ruling clique of Chu State. Wang Xiang did not dare to compromise, but he could not accept Qu Yuan's correct proposition. Instead, he punished him for sticking to his guns. In internal affairs, Qu Yuan advocated "revising the law", "invigorating talents and empowering the people" and implementing "American politics" to make the country rich and strong. He admired the sages in Confucian legends and held some idealistic attitudes towards politics. At the same time, he despises those greedy nobles and advocates reforming internal affairs, which will certainly turn many people against him. Besides, Qu Yuan's personality is also an important reason for his tragedy.
It should be said that Qu Yuan's character and his idealistic attitude in politics were originally difficult to coordinate with the actual political environment, not to mention that Chu was in a state of decline and chaos at that time. Historically, the contradiction between the poet's temperament and the environment has constantly caused tragedies in life, and at the same time, it has also created excellent literature. In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four cultural celebrities" in the world, which was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.
Du Fu
Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, is beautiful in words and calls himself a juvenile maniac in his poems. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he moved to Gongxian (now Henan) since his great-grandfather. Du Yes's grandson. I am studious, knowledgeable and politically ambitious since I was a child. In the late kaiyuan period, there were many literati wandering around. Tianbao met Li Bai in Luoyang in 744. After living in Chang 'an (now Shaanxi) for nearly ten years, he failed to display his talents, lived in poverty, gradually approached the people, and had a deep understanding of the dark politics at that time. By offering gifts, you can get an official. An Lushan's troops were trapped in Chang 'an, but fled to Fengxiang, where they met Su Zong, and officials left to meet them. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing with Su Zong, and explored the way for the Four Duke of Huazhou to join the army. Soon, he gave up his official position and went to Qin Zhou and Tonggu. He moved to Chengdu and built a thatched cottage on Huanhuaxi, named Huanhuacaotang. He once served as a staff officer in Jiannan, our ambassador to Yanwu, and was a foreign minister of the school department. In his later years, he took his family out of Shu and died of illness in Xiangjiang River. . His main representative poems are: Military Vehicle Shop, Love 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian County, Hope in Spring, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition, Three Officials, Three Farewells, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage and Autumn Prosperity.
Du Fu's poems are not as heroic as Li Bai's, which may be related to his origin. Li Bai spent most of his life in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, while Du Fu spent most of his life in the decline of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Du Fu's poems reveal the feelings of worrying about the country and the people, and also reveal the social contradictions at that time. His poems mostly involve social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, and are known as "the history of poetry". He cares about the country and the people, has a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is known as the "poet saint". Li Bai and Du Fu have a deep friendship. Du Fu worshipped Li Bai in his youth, so Li Bai became Du Fu's most important poet friend. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai.
Du Fu's poems not only describe the country and people's feelings, but also praise painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also embody the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. There are also some poems in Du Ji, which are not strong in the flavor of the times and indifferent in personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life.
Du Fu is the promoter of China's poetry culture. As descendants, we should take over his baton and pass on the poetry culture.
Xin Qiji
Xin Qiji, known as You 'an, Jia Xuan, formerly known as Tanfu, was a famous national hero and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. His life is closely related to the great cause of resisting gold. He tried to make up for it, but he was frustrated repeatedly, and his ambition was hard to pay, so he could only end up with hatred. He has a poem "Partridge Days, Guests Talk about Fame, Remember Current Affairs of Teenagers", which can be said to be a vivid portrayal of his life:
With lofty ideals and flags,
Jintu rode his horse and began to cross the river.
Yan Bing night silver beard,
The arrow flew towards the golden servant.
Looking back and sighing today,
The spring breeze did not stain the white beard.
However, the word "swastika" is flat and military.
In exchange for the owner's tree planting book.
These short 55 words profoundly summarize the tragic experience of a famous anti-gold star who has no way to serve the country and his ambition is hard to pay. The first movie of Ci remembers the military life as a teenager, how generous and magnificent it was; The next part is about the secluded life of leisure and inaction in his later years, and how resentful it is. This sharp contrast makes people deeply moved!
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling class became increasingly fierce and sharp. Xin Qiji was born in an official family on May 11th, the 10th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (1 140). Xin lived in Didao, Gansu Province (now Lintao County, Gansu Province), and his ancestor Wei moved to Jinan and settled in a place called Sifengmen in Licheng County. Ye Wei was a judge of Dali in the Tang Dynasty. His great-grandfather was an ancient scholar, a great-grandfather was in charge of the army in Pennsylvania, and his grandfather praised him as a doctor in North Korea. Xin Qiji is quite proud of such an official family. He wrote in "Ten Treatises on Meiqin": "My family background was sent by Jinan on behalf of the king, and I was greatly indebted to the Netherlands. "That is to say, his family lives in Jinan, and his ancestors served in the army and have been greatly indebted to the country. Being born in such a family has a great influence on his lifelong loyalty to Zhao and Song Dynasties and his lifelong pursuit of restoring the Central Plains and reunifying the motherland.
Xin Qiji's father Xin Wenyu died early, and his grandfather Xin Zan took up the responsibility of raising him. Xin Zan was an official in the Song Dynasty. When Jinan fell, Xinzan did not move south with his family because of its large population. Later, he served as the magistrate of Qiao County in Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province) and the magistrate of Kaifeng in Jin Dynasty, and was awarded the title of "Founding Father of Longxi County". Although Xinzan surrendered to the Jurchen aristocratic group, as a Han official who dragged out an ignoble existence under the humiliation of national rule, his national consciousness has not disappeared. He educated his descendants with the belief of revenge and patriotism. He often takes his children and grandchildren, such as Xin Qiji, to the south and point out the country, always looking forward to the day when he will resolutely revolt anyway, "to relieve your father's anger." However, Xin Zan failed to realize this wish and died with regret, but under the influence of his grandfather, Xiao Xin Qiji ignited the fire of revenge against foreign rule and restored the motherland.
1 16 1 autumn, the gold master single-handedly tore up the imperial edict and peace talks concluded by Song and Jin in 1 14 1 and personally led 600,000 troops south. In fact, Yan Hongliang has long had the ambition to swallow Jiangnan. As early as AD 1 153, he wrote a four-line poem on the landscape map of Lin 'an, saying, "Wan Li's cars and books are all mixed. Are there any other seals in Jiangnan?" Raise a million soldiers on the West Lake and immediately climb the first peak in Wu Shan! The meaning of "its south make be clear at a glance. In order to prepare for the invasion to the south, Wan Yanliang ordered the recruitment of men aged between 20 and 50 in the ruling area, plundering a large number of food, horses and weapons from the people, greatly destroying agricultural production and boiling public grievances. Although Xin Qiji was born in the landlord class, he was close to the working people since he was a child and knew the sufferings of the people very well. In the face of the cruel national struggle, it is inevitable that he will take the initiative to approach the people and form a United front with them. Xin Qiji pointed out in "Ten Theories on Meiqin" that when Yan Yanliang invaded the south, the leaders of the peasant uprising were already struggling, but some landlords refused to accept their leadership, preferring to hold their own armed forces and wait for the arrival of the imperial army to make contributions to the city. Xin Qiji criticized these people for "resenting and insulting the people" and had a deep-rooted class prejudice against farmers, which led to the wrong move of "refusing to obey orders and thinking that farmers are subordinate". All this shows that Xin Qiji obviously knows farmers better than others in his class.
Xin Qiji's fighting life in its prime is based on patriotism. He said in the preface to "Ten Treatises on Meiqin": "I will never forget that Lu people live in the middle of the summer according to the mausoleum, and courtiers think about rewarding the national humiliation and leading the world." His trouble is "to ease your father's anger." These thoughts ran through his life.
Together with Su Shi, Xin Qiji is called "Su Xin" in Ci. Their words are generous and bold, which created the school of bold and bold words throughout the ages. However, Xin Qiji went further than Su Shi, and he incorporated a lot of patriotic themes into his ci, which pushed the development of unconstrained ci to a new peak. And this is related to his legendary youth.
Xin Qiji received a good cultural and artistic education when he was a teenager. When Xin Zan was the magistrate of Qiao County in Bozhou, Xin Qiji also went there and studied under Liu Zhan. Liu Zhan, an old word, whose name is Sakura Ningju, was a famous pastoral poet at that time. When he was in Jin Shizong, he edited and arranged the history museum, and some famous ministers of Shi Jin learned from him. During Liu Zhan's study, Xin Qiji showed unusual talent in the creation of ci, which was highly appreciated by teachers.
Although Xin Qiji was educated by Liu Zhan, he did not follow the teacher's wishes to be an official of the Jin Dynasty, but embarked on the road of national struggle. Unfortunately, this time is too short. After the young hero crossed the south, he never lost the opportunity to kill the enemy and make contributions to the country. The feat of youth and the regret that he didn't get great talent all his life laid the basic style of the poet's life creation, which made a stroke in the history of ci-"Ci changed from Jiaxuan".
Among the more than 600 symphonic poems that have been handed down so far, no works before Nangui were found, and we have no way to verify them now.
But it is because of a poet like him that we can read many classic poems! ! !
Sima Qian
The spirit inspires future generations, and the epic remains in the world.
As a historian in China, I admire Sima Qian for three reasons: Sima Qian was honest, dared to speak up for Li Ling in front of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and finally suffered a life of corruption and humiliation; Sima Qian traveled around the world. Based on his personal location, traffic conditions and harsh natural conditions, his spirit of seeking truth from facts and being brave in exploration is worth learning from later generations. After being punished, Sima Qian endured humiliation and humiliation, dragged out an ignoble existence, and wrote the immortal masterpiece Historical Records, which was admired by later generations. This 520,000-word historical masterpiece, called "Poetic masterpiece of historians, without rhyme", was published only 13 years after Sima Qian's death, which preserved valuable history and culture for the Chinese nation, which was incomparable to all ancient books in pre-Qin period. Anyone who knows the history of China should read Historical Records.
Sima Qian's tomb is located in Zhichuan Town, south of Hancheng 10 km, and 40 km north of Longmen, Shaanxi Province. It has been a land of outstanding people since ancient times. The ancestral grave was built in Jinyongjia for three years, with Liangshan in the west, Yellow River in the east and straight water in the west. The word "the mountain does not rise" on the memorial archway of the ancestral temple is awe-inspiring from a distance. I noticed that people who approached the ancestral temple gate were in a heavy mood. Sima Qian's experience is a sympathetic tragedy, but the price he paid for writing historical records, especially his contribution to later generations, is worth learning. His style of writing history without music is respected by the world. No wonder Sima Qian's tomb rebuilt in Yuan Dynasty looks like a Mongolian yurt. That's because his biography of Xiongnu lists Huns as descendants of China.
According to legend, the descendants of Sima Qian lived in Xujiacun, and Xu Yi passed it on to two other people. That is, after Sima Qian's death, his two sons continued the incense of Sima's family, but they were ashamed that their father was humiliated by this punishment, so they changed their names to Feng Tong.
Anyone who has read Historical Records knows that Sima Qian's most distinctive evaluation of historical figures is that he can treat problems dialectically in two ways. In his works, there are peasant rebels and Jianghu chivalrous men, especially as a Han minister, who can vividly depict Liu Bang, the ancestor of the emperor at that time, with his Jianghu habits, rogue nature and humiliation. Who knows how to treat others well? Even contemporary historians and literati will have such courage! We are deeply ashamed of the master of history two thousand years ago. Sima Qian's perseverance and contribution are inseparable from his ambition when he was young. "Study the relationship between heaven and man, learn from the changes of ancient and modern times, and get married." This is Sima Qian whom I admire, and this is Sima Qian who has made outstanding contributions to China's 5,000-year history and is unparalleled by future generations!