Plant nuclei were discovered in robert brown, England.
2. 1832 Belgian C. J. Dumortier observed the cell division of algae, and thought that cells originated from primitive cells.
3. 1835 H. von Molh, a German, carefully observed the cell division of plants, and thought that it was an easily observed phenomenon in the roots and buds of plants.
4. 1835 French F. Dujardin discovered "sarcoma" when observing animal living cells.
5. 1839 Czech J.E. Pujinye used the word protoplasm to describe cell matter. "Protoplast" is a theological term that refers to Adam, the ancestor of human beings.
6. 184 1 polish R. Remak discovered the direct division (amitosis) of chicken embryo blood cells.
7. 1846 German H. von Moore studied plant protoplasm and published "Determining Protoplasm as Cell Matter".
8. 1848 German W. Hofmeister described the pollen mother cell of Commelina communis, which clearly reflected the chromosome, but he did not realize one of its importance. Forty years later, German H. von Waldeyer was named chromosome because this structure can be dyed with alkaline dyes.
9. 186 1 M. Shultze, Germany, thinks that sarcoplasm in animal cells has the same meaning as protoplasm in plants. He defined a cell as "a cell is an aggregation of living substances or protoplasm clearly defined in space, which may have a cell membrane and a nucleus."
10. 1864 Max Schulz of Germany observed plasmodesmata of plants.
1 1. 1865 chloroplast discovered by J. von sooks in Germany.
12. 1866 Austrian g Mendel published the results of pea hybridization experiment, and put forward the law of genetic separation and free combination.
13. 1868 British T. H. Huxley introduced the concept of protoplasm to the British public for the first time when he delivered a speech entitled "Physical Basis of Life" in Edinburgh.
14. 1869 Swiss F. Miescher isolated nucleic acid from pus cells.
15. 1876 German O.Hertwig discovered the fertilization of sea urchin, and the title of the paper was "Observing the fertilization of a sea urchin egg".
16. 1879 The mitosis of salamander cells was observed by W. Flemming in Germany, and the word mitosis was put forward in 1882. Later, E. Strasberger of Germany (1876-80) discovered mitosis in plant cells, and thought that the essence of mitosis was the formation of filaments (chromosomes) in the nucleus and their equal distribution to two daughter cells, and the fertilization of animals and plants was essentially the fusion of male and female gametes, and put forward the concepts of prophase and metaphase in 1984.
17. 1882 German E. Strasburger put forward the concepts of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
18. 1883 Belgian e van Beneden proved that the chromosome number of Ascaris megacephala gametes is half that of somatic cells, and the number of chromosomes contributed by eggs and sperm to fertilized eggs is equal.
The centrosome was discovered by Belgian E van Beneden and German T Boveri.
20. 1884 Germans O.Hertwig and E. Strasburger put forward the conclusion that the nucleus controls heredity.
2 1. 1886 german a weismann put forward germplasm theory.
22. 1890 German Richard Altman described the staining method of mitochondria. He speculated that mitochondria are like internal organisms of cells, and believed that mitochondria are related to energy metabolism. He also put forward the concept of nucleic acid in 1889.
23. 1892 Germans T. Boveri and O. Hertvig studied the essence of meiosis and described the phenomenon of chromosome union.
24. 1898 Italy C. Gorky observed Gorky with silver staining.
25. 1900 The genetic law published by Mendel 34 years ago has been rediscovered.
26. 1905 American Clarence McClung showed that female mammals have 2x chromosomes, while male mammals have x and y chromosomes.
27. 1908 T.H. Morgan, an American, started a famous genetic experiment with Drosophila melanogaster as the material, put forward the chromosome theory of inheritance in 19 10, and published the Physical Basis of Inheritance in19. 1926 published The Theory of Genes.
28. 19 10 german a Causel won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine. He first isolated adenine, thymine and histidine. 29. 1935 American W. M. Stanley obtained tobacco mosaic virus crystals for the first time.
30. 1940 Germans g·a· Kauscher and H. ruska published the world's first electron microscope photograph of chloroplasts.
3 1. 194 1 Americans g·w· Bedell and e·l· Tatum put forward the concept of one gene and one enzyme.
32. 1944 Americans O. Avery, C. Macleod and M. McCarthy proved that DNA is genetic material through microbial transformation tests.
33. 1945 endoplasmic reticulum in mouse fibroblasts was discovered by K. R. Porter, A. Claude and E. F. Fullam in the United States.
34. 1949 Pasteurella was found in M. Bar, Canada.
35. 195 1 American James bonner found that mitochondria are related to cell respiration.
36. 1953 American J.D. Watson and British F.H.C. Crick put forward the DNA double helix model.
37. 1955 lysosomes and peroxisomes were found in C. de Duve, Belgium.
38. 1955 American Vincent Doigniaux won the Nobel Prize for Synthetic Peptides.
39. 1956, Joe Hin Tjio (Chinese-American) used the hypotonic treatment technology invented by Tao Chiuh Hsu to prove that the number of human 2n is 46, not 48.
40. 1957 J. D. Robertson[2] The ultrathin section technique obtained clear cell membrane pictures, showing a dark-bright-dark three-layer structure.
4 1. 196 1 Englishman p Mitchell put forward the chemical permeation theory of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation coupling, which won the nobel prize in chemistry from 65438 to 0978.
42. 196 1-64 American nirenberg cracked the DNA genetic code.
43. 1968 Swiss Werner Alber discovered DNA restriction enzymes from bacteria.
44. 1970 Americans D. Baltimore, R. Dulbecco and H. Temin won the 1975 * * Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering the existence of reverse transcriptase in RNA tumor virus and using RNA as a template to reverse DNA.
45. 197 1 Americans daniel nathans and hamilton smith developed nuclease digestion technology.
46. 1973 Americans S. Cohen and H. Boyer spliced foreign genes into plasmids and expressed them in Escherichia coli, thus opening the prelude to genetic engineering.
47. 1975 British F. Sanger designed a dideoxy method for DNA sequencing. 1980 won the nobel prize in chemistry. In addition, Sanger won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the primary structure of bovine insulin in 1953.
48. 1982 American S. B. Prusiner discovered protein factor prion and updated the concept of medical infection. 1997 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
49. 1983 American K. B. Mullis invented the PCR instrument, and published "Specific DNA Synthesis in vivo by Polymerase-Catalyzed Chain Reaction" in 1987, and 1993 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
50. 1984 German G.J.F. Kohler, Argentine C. milstein [3] and Danish scientist N.K. Jayne shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for developing monoclonal antibody technology and perfecting the detection technology of trace protein.
5 1. 1989 Americans S. Altman and T. R. Cech won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering that some RNA has the function of enzyme (called ribozyme). Bishop and Vamus shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering that normal cells also carry proto-oncogenes.
52. 1997 Dolly sheep was born in Luslin Institute, which became a big news at the end of the century. The research team led by ian wilmut cloned Dolly (figure 1-3).
53. 1998 American T. Wakayama and R. Yanagimachi successfully cultivated mice with freeze-dried sperm.
The world's first cloned pig was born in Scotland in 2000. It was cloned by a research team led by Allen Coleman.
55.200 1 American leland hartwell, British paul nurse and Timothy Hunter won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their research on cell cycle regulation mechanism.
56. In 2002, Sydney Brane of England, H. Robert Horvitz of America and John E. Sulston of England won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on gene regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
57. In 2003, American scientists Peter Agre and roderick mackinnon won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for studying the structure and mechanism of water channel and ion channel in cell membrane respectively.