Entering the Qianlong era, the historical shock of Ming and Qing dynasties has completely passed. Because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were inherent in China.

Respect for cultural traditions has enabled Han intellectuals to settle down in the study of Confucian classics, history and Ci besides their official career economy.

Even the profundity and elegance of this knowledge are too primitive, and the consciousness of national opposition is even more diluted. Ching Dynasty

As an orthodox part of China's history, it has been recognized as an indisputable fact.

The more fundamental contradiction caused by social development, at this time, simply and sharply stimulates people's thinking.

Although there was no obvious social trend of thought in the late Ming Dynasty, it was right to dislike the phenomenon of personality slavery under feudal autocracy.

The depression that creative talents can't be realized really has a lasting and in-depth performance in the literature in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

This can be found in both novels and poems. On the occasion of Jiaqing and Daoguang, with the deepening of various social contradictions and the building of a clean government,

Because of its own corruption, power gradually lost its powerful control over society, and finally Gong Zizhen appeared more anti-power.

Anti-Italian creation.

Section 1 Poetry in the Mid-Qing Dynasty

During the reign of Kangxi, Wang Shizhen advocated verve theory and led the League of Poets. In the Qianlong period, this poetic theory was influenced by Shen Deqian,

Yuan Mei, Weng Fanggang and other famous artists opposed it. But they lead in different directions. Caused by Qianlong's poetry circle

The most influential is the theory of "soul" advocated by Yuan Mei.

Shen Deqian (1673— 1769), whose real name is Gui Yu, was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu (now Suzhou). He lived earlier,

However, at the age of 67, he is a scholar, a bachelor of cabinet and an assistant minister of rites. He was trusted by emperor Qianlong, so his influence on poetry was mainly.

It was during the Qianlong period. He is the author of Shen Guiyu's Complete Poems, and the editor-in-chief of Ancient Poetry Source and Tang Poetry Collection.

Books such as Poems of Ming Dynasty and Poems of Guo (namely Poems of Qing Dynasty).

Shen Deqian's poetics is usually called "modal theory". The so-called "style" originally refers to meter, tone,

At the same time, it also refers to the magnificent and varied aesthetic feeling. His theory originated from the Seven Scholars in Ming Dynasty, so Shen Shi wrote poems in Ming Dynasty.

Advocating seven sons, rejecting police and Jingling, on the physique of poetry, he lived in the Tang Dynasty and lost in the Song Dynasty.

However, the significance of Shen Shi's poetics is actually different from that of the Seven Scholars in Ming Dynasty. Because his poetry theory has one of the most important and fundamental points.

The premise is that it is conducive to the ruling order and suitable for "gentle and honest" "poetry teaching". His Shi Shuo Xi Yu is the first one.

One section says: "Poetry is the Tao, which can be used to reason, do good deeds, feel ghosts and gods, establish a state and teach, and deal with princes."

Its weight is also very important. "This first determines the value of poetry from the interests of feudal politics. He also talked about "his words have substance" and "the original text"

Temperament ",but it must be" related to the daily life of human beings and the success or failure of ancient and modern times in order to survive ",if" dynamic "

As a gentle dialect, "it is the most harmful to people's hearts and exists everywhere" (see Zhou Chao's poetry anthology? Every case "). So,

According to the standard of "poetry teaching", Tang poetry is no longer good. While living in the Tang Dynasty, we should also "look back on elegance,

Poetry is the first statue "("Talking about Poetry "). Therefore, although Shen Shi's debate, Tongcheng school of ancient writers emphasized the works of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties,

At the same time, I think that my thoughts are not pure enough, and I must trace the Confucian classics with a very similar attitude. In the wind of poetry

On the other hand, Shen Deqian confused the principle of "gentleness and gentleness" with the artistic expression of "implication" and advocated justice and peace.

Euphemism is implicit and opposed to exposure.

In a word, our poetics is based on the theory of poetry teaching of Han and Confucianism, and tries to create it with the "style" of Tang poetry as the use.

It has become a poetic style that can not only conform to the strict ideological rule of the Qing Dynasty, but also embellish the "prosperous weather" of Kang and Gan. But Tang poetry

Its "style" is inseparable from its passion, and this proposition has its inherent insurmountable contradictions. So, Shen Shi,

My poems are generally mediocre; Sometimes people's livelihood is also written, but this is only a manifestation of feudal literati's "concern for the country and the people"

Just a gesture. It's just that he made a technical analysis of some classic works in various selections and said a lot of experts' words.

At the same time, Li E, who was active in poetry, inherited the direction of Song School advocated by Cha. Li E

(1692— 1752) was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). He lost his father at a young age, his family was poor and his sexual desire was strong.

I am lonely and like reading. When I was twenty-nine, I was admitted. After several failures, I turned my mind from being an official.

There are "Fan Xie and Fang Shan Collection" and "Chronicle of Song Poetry", which expanded the influence of the Song School. Li E's poem, Disease.

Eccentric classics and stories are used too deeply, but some recent short stories can still show his withdrawn character.

There is a deep and cold vulgarity. Shen Deqian criticized Li E:

"Defeating tang style along the Song Dynasty" (quoted from Yuan Mei (replying to Shen Da Zongbo's Poems) is based on his "gentleness and gentleness".

By standard. In fact, Li E, who lived in the Song Dynasty, was at least more temperamental than Shen Shi, who lived in the Tang Dynasty. Below is his cold spring.

Pavilion ":

The valley is lonely, the pavilions are closed and the sound of springs is faint. Quiet and far away from Brahma, independent and enlightened. When the wood falls, the monk will decide, and the cold mountain will return to the bird.

Take care of my field suit.

The poetic scene is quiet, with a slight poetic flavor of Wang Wei. But the word "monk" in the fifth sentence is decorated with "residual", and the last two sentences say that the moonlight will disperse.

Branches and shadows cast on themselves, making clothes look like monks' robes (its squares are like farmland, so it is called "Yi Tian"), which is a metaphor.

To express one's inner understanding of Zen seems to be too hard and lacks the agility of Tang poetry. Like Zhu Yizun and Li Yi.

More sentimental creation is in ci, which makes up for the defects of poetry with words.

Weng Fanggang (1733— 18 18), a bachelor of cabinet in Qianlong, is famous for advocating "muscle theory". He is a

A scholar also talks about poetry as a scholar, thinking that "learning must be based on textual research and poetry must be textured"

(preface to Yan Zhiji).

The so-called texture also refers to the meaning and organization of poetry. He believes that learning is the basis of poetry, "a wave of quiet."

Textual research on history, and then his poems are full of alcohol (Preface to Poems of Three Sons in East Guangdong), and he thinks that the delicate logic of Song poetry is not suitable for Tang poetry.

Moreover, Song poetry, which advocates patriarchal clan system so much. In advocating the purity of poetic style, he actually coincides with Shen Deqian, and his poems are of quality.

Real but not interesting.

During the Qianlong period, he not only expressed his dissatisfaction with Wang Shizhen, but also clashed with Shen Deqian and Weng Fanggang.

The poet is Yuan Mei.

Yuan Mei (1716-1797) was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang Province (now Hangzhou), whose real name was Jian Zhai, and he was a master of fate. male

Dragon four years (1739), entered imperial academy. Because Manchu is not fluent, he became a local official and a magistrate in Jiangnan for six years.

After his resignation, he lived in Suiyuan at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning (now Nanjing). In the last forty years of his life, he was famous as a poet and wine traveler.

During my academic career, I made friends with scholars from all directions, and I looked forward to it for some time. Life is wild, which is quite ridiculed by etiquette people. There is "Xiao Cang Shan Wu"

Collected works, Suiyuan Poetry Talks and the note novel Zi Wuyu.

What Yuan Mei should pay attention to is not only his poetic ideas, but also his reaffirmation of the anti-biography in the late Ming Dynasty.

The thought of unification represents the revival of ideological trend in the late Ming Dynasty after the recession in the early Qing Dynasty. He is as sure of love as Li Zhi.

The rationality of desire, that the rule of saints is to satisfy the desire of "good goods and lust" (see Qing Shuo).

He even affirmed the extravagant life of the rich and opposed blindly advocating frugality, pointing out: "The sages of the ancient times seek the wealth of the poor; Imayuki

With division, there is wealth. People who don't know how to make people rich are also the mothers of the poor. "("and Wu Lingmou torture ")

The so-called "mother of the poor" means that in the process of enriching people's consumption, the poor get the opportunity to make a living. this

Of course, I said it from the standpoint of some wealthy businessmen at that time (Yuan had many contacts with such figures), but as an economic thought,

Yes, that makes sense. In particular, the idea of protecting the people and enriching the people is better than the traditional idea of advocating thrift and "not suffering from poverty but suffering from inequality"

The egalitarianism of poverty was more in line with the needs of social development at that time.

From the standpoint of respecting people's desires, Yuan Mei, like Li Zhi, lashed out at hypocrisy. He admitted.

As for "it is better to get one or two true and white poems and Fan Chuan than to get a thousand holidays" ("On Poetry in the Garden"), it is pointedly pointed out again.

Point out:

"People who have their own corrections go out, but don't stay inside for no reason, and then you can be my wife, the son of orphans, and don't move their hearts; one

Cake bait can be used all day long, and then you can get the paste of the people, and you will not return it if you are demoted; Although they know each other, there is nothing for the stiff servant to avoid, but

Then you can hold on to the Lord without hesitation. "(Qing Shuo) That is to say, people who are self-satisfied with abstinence are not just interested.

Figure, and often cruel and inhuman. Yuan Mei undoubtedly experienced this kind of official figures.

Yuan Mei also resolutely opposed the attitude of blindly worshipping the scriptures. In Ding Yu's second book, he

It is pointed out that the Six Classics are all suspicious except Zhouyi and Analects of Confucius, and the words of the Six Classics are not necessarily "all suitable" or "all alcoholic".

Even in the words of Laozi and Zhuangzi, he criticized "Six Classics are all dross" (Accidental Works). His textual research on sinology prevailing at that time also showed that

Expressing dissatisfaction, he thinks that "Song studies have disadvantages, and Sinology has more disadvantages" (Answer Hui). Scholar Zhang Xuecheng rebuked him for "daring"

In the advance and retreat of the Six Classics, it can't be holy (Poetry Carved in the Post Bookstore), but it shows the freedom and liberation of his thoughts.

Yuan Mei's thoughts were not purely personal, but actually reflected the demands and thoughts of urban industrialists and businessmen at that time.

Changes in the world. Even Ji Yun, a cabinet minister and academic leader, made corrections in his Notes on Yuewei Caotang.

The "hypocrisy" of love is full of sarcasm, and it is advocated that "reason" should conform to human feelings, which shows that this ideological change is universal.

Yuan Mei's poems are generally called "the theory of spiritual nature", in which "sex" refers to temperament and emotion, and "spirit" refers to a brainwave.

Specifically, from the essence of poetry, "poets are born of emotions" ("A Garden of Poetry")

Book ")," there is no rhythm outside the poem "("Message Qian Yu Sha Fangbo told him to return to Li "). That is to say, human temperament.

It is the origin of poetry, so "when you write, you must ask your temperament" ("Answering Zeng Nancun's Poetry"); And "love comes first, don't."

Such as "Men and Women" ("A Garden Collection of Poems"), so he didn't accept strict poems when choosing poems, and Cheng Jinfang wanted to delete them himself.

I am greatly disgusted with the "love works" in the collection (see "Talk about Shen Da Zongbo again" and "On Poems in An Suoyuan"). Second,

Temperament is always the temperament of a specific individual, so poetry must be about self-personality, not following others. The so-called "poet is different."

People's temperament has nothing to do with the Tang and Song Dynasties "("Answering Lan Yi's Poetics "), the dispute between Tang and Song Dynasties, in his view, is

It makes no sense at all. Thirdly, in terms of specific creation, he emphasized the necessity of "talent" and "ingenuity". "Poetry is like poetry.

The combination of history, talent, learning and knowledge is the first. ""Poets have no talent, can't serve the classics, and can't convey the soul. "

(Preface to Poems in Jiang Xinyu Garden) The phenomenon of "suddenly opposing and blaming, wandering and sinking" caused by the pursuit of genius exposure.

Escape (preface to Zhao Nordic Collection) and other changeable styles that transcend stereotypes. Fourth, in terms of temperament and spirit.

Machine as the premise, but also attach importance to learning from the ancients, carefully tempered, advocate "no way to learn from the ancients" ("continued

Poetry? Write about me "), saying that" it is difficult to write a hobby, and it takes a thousand poems to change your mind "("Jixing ").

Yuan Mei's poetic ideas are in direct opposition to those of Shen Deqian and Weng Fanggang, but they are mutually exclusive to Wang Shizhen's theory of verve.

And related. He doesn't object to the idea of "verve". "Answer to Li Shaohe" says: "The word" servant verve "is particularly important.

It's tight ……

Charm is a kind of innate true temperament, which cannot be strong. "Indeed," verve "is a statement of heavy temperament.

However, in Yuan Mei's view, the "verve" pursued by Wang Shizhen was biased towards Alan Yu and lacked positive vitality, so it was criticized.

"Don't be the master's temperament" (poem with fate). Yuan Mei mainly inherited the late Ming public security school's "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to the rules"

These theories all draw lessons from Yang Wanli's viewpoint in the Southern Song Dynasty and construct their own systematic theories. In order to pursue the exquisiteness of poetry,

He is more critical than the police.

At that time, this theory was of great significance for restoring the lyric function and individual expression of poetry.

Yuan Mei's poetry creation has its distinctive features, but it is hard to call it a great poet. This is related to his attitude towards life. Although he thinks

Keen, can rise and fall with the world, can enjoy themselves in a romantic life. As "Self-mockery" wrote, "There are officials who are not biased."

Have fun and buy sex in the name of childless. It makes people feel that his pain is already.

Self-digestion is weak. Therefore, although his poems are diverse in style, their characteristics are not massiness and passion, but

Good at novelty and dexterity.

Such as "Spring Miscellaneous Poems":

During the Qingming Festival, it rains in succession, watching the magpie nest send spring marks. The moon still asked me out to fall in love and come to see apricot flowers at night.

The first two sentences are about early spring in the rain, and the last two sentences imagine that the moonlight shines on the apricot blossom tip and the moon is affectionate.

Looking at the hook before and after is extremely clever and vivid. This kind of poem seems frivolous, but it is by no means scribbled. Another example is "half a day"

Cool moonlight, a flute will make people feel happy "("watching the master play the flute under the moon in the night garden "); The store in Shili Yanlong Village is a small branch.

The wind pressure and wine flag are biased "("Spring Bridge "); "People's home is always close to the advantage, and their children's careers are always mulberries" ("Rain Over Huzhou")

Wait, it's all such a famous sentence.

Some of Yuan Mei's poems are related to social problems. For example, the song of catching locusts, the sigh of the forum and so on. They all show biographies of scholar-officials.

Sense of responsibility; There are some ironies, especially his sharp personality:

The mild rain in Seita is too cold, so we should discuss the cost of Jiangnan Spring. Huayang does not rely on the east wind, how can it be crazy all over the sky? (even

Work ")

This poem, together with other poems such as Kite and Hate Flies, depicts the ugliness of a kind of characters in a tone of disgust: they have nothing.

Independent personality, advancing with the times, but complacent, even arrogant. This feeling is unique in the literature of Ganjia period.

A noteworthy performance.

Yuan Mei's theory of spiritual nature caused great repercussions in the poetry circle at that time, with many opponents and homophones.

Jiang Shiquan, Zhao Yi, Zheng Xie, who were also called "Three Outstanding Jiangyou Men" with Yuan Mei in Qianlong period, had many contacts with Yuan Mei.

Less influenced by him.

(1) Biography of Qing History? Zheng Xie legend Zheng "never met Yuan Mei", which is wrong. Yuan Youshi described their contacts in their later years.

Zhao Yi (1727— 18 14) was born in Yanghu, Jiangsu (now Changzhou). Jinshi in the middle period of Qianlong, official position

The most expensive thing is to prepare for the west. Resign in his later years and concentrate on writing, especially history. Notes on Twenty-two History and Congkao are as follows.

The world is heavy;

In literature, there are History of Oubei and Poetry of Oubei. The similarity between Zhao Yi's poems and Yuan Mei's poems is based on innovation.

The highest standard, never fall behind, let alone simulation. There is a quatrain in The Theory of Poetry:

The poems of Li Bai and Du Fu have been read by thousands of people, and it is nothing new to read them now. There are many talented people all over the country, and their poems and popularity will last for hundreds of years.

Don't say that you have different opinions, even if you look at the author's spiritual temperament from this poem, it is also arrogant.

Zhao Yi's poems are unconventional, ubiquitous, distinctive and talented. Such as "Wild Step":

The cold wind urged heavy clothes to play in the nearby suburbs of Ye Yuan. Autumn wind likes other people's business best. First, it not only turns maple leaves red, but also turns people's hair white.

Although there is also the intention of hurting autumn, I don't want to write a eulogy, and I show a strong spirit with bright colors.

The other part of his poem is argumentative, witty and sharp. For example, the third poem in the backyard comes from his own grave.

Reminiscent of the paranoia of Historical Records, the sixth book "Reading in a Idle House" is a metaphor for reading from different perspectives of the audience because of different positions.

Truth, enlightening insights. Twenty-one Reading History, which is full of historical sense, shows this point more intensively.

Features. For example, the story of "Guo Ju burying his son" in the eighth article of Twenty-four Filial Pieties is just like Guo Ju Lun written by Yuan Mei in his early years.

Attacking the anti-humanity in feudal morality, the first sentence "the decline of the world is still in name, and things are more diligent" points out that,

Everything that looks beautiful but is evil is always based on seeking fame, so it is difficult to write. Another example is the seventh song:

Kang Cheng lives in Beihai, and the yellow scarf comes from his door. Yuan Gong lives in Lushan Mountain. Lu Xun's question and answer Elements of solid, drama can be tamed.

See also the wind at that time, and the French open leaked fiber scales. In order to be suspicious, * * * pushes virtue to convince people. It is too early to talk about thieves if they are to encounter them. Guanru

Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and try to be proud.

Zheng Xuan and Hui Yuan have been praised by "drama thieves" successively, which is a beautiful talk of historians. What most people think is that people can be convinced by virtue.

People, such as Gu's Fei Shan, "Why is Cannes allowed to ask the yellow turban insurrectionary?" With this in mind, I take Zheng Xuan as my self.

Metaphor. However, in Zhao Yi's poem, it is said that the French Open is slow and slow, and this kind of thing must not escape the charge of "being a thief".

Reality is sharply satirized. Such works are naturally deficient in the artistry of poetry, but they are quite thoughtful.

It also shows the author's personality.

Jiang Shiquan's views on poetry are similar to those of Yuan Mei. However, he is rigid, and his thoughts are quite trite, although his poetic skills.

Higher, but lacking the radiant appearance of Zhao Yi. He is good at seven words, and there is a poem "Reading", which vividly describes the beauty of calligraphy.

Sense, more distinctive:

Reading with old eyes is like looking at pictures. The peaks and valleys are too clear. With the crepe, the paper cloud is born word for word. Gentle and graceful.

Looking sideways, flying heart surprise trip. The more I look at it, the grander it is, and the more I raise my hand.

Zheng Xie (1693— 1765) was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. Ganlong was a scholar at the beginning and was once a fan county in Shandong Province.

Wei county magistrate has a political say. Later, because the victims asked for relief, they touched officials, were dismissed from office, and returned to Yangzhou to sell calligraphy and painting for a living.

Famous painter and calligrapher. There are complete works of Zheng Banqiao.

Zheng Xie was born in poverty, and he was promoted. He regards being a good official as his life wish and follows the political ideal of Confucianism, but he is also highly respected.

Open-minded people like Xu Wei and Yuan Mei are cynical. On the whole, he is a little crazy, and

An upright person who is not keen and strong in thought and character. Just like his paintings and calligraphy, some are "strange" but not indulgent.

In fact, it is still relatively beautiful and elegant, and its connotation is relatively shallow.

Some of his poems pay attention to the sufferings of people's livelihood, such as the journey of orphans, fleeing from famine, caring for evil, lynching and so on.

"Evil" and "Fierce Official" are very specific, true and compassionate, which is rare for ordinary poets. Especially the article "Gu Xie",

Writing a story about a daughter-in-law being brutally tortured by her mother-in-law typically reflects an inhuman phenomenon in rural areas of old China.

It is precisely because the author is determined to convince the world that he emphasizes narration and fails to go deep into the hearts of the characters. As a poem, there are still some shortcomings.

In addition, there are many landscapes and paintings. The author did not pay much attention to this kind of poetry, and once criticized himself: "The ancients used articles.

In this world, all we do is romantic things. "("Preface to Later Engraved Poems ") So it is not far away, and the language is naturally shallow.

Disliking simulation is an advantage, but it lacks special feeling and unique creation. Rhyme is especially slippery and unfocused.

The quatrains are lively, and some of them show his character. For example, the following song:

If you don't lose your black veil, your sleeves will get cold. Write a thin bamboo and make it into a fishing rod on the autumn river. ("Notice")

Gui Li, draw bamboo instead of wei county gentleman ").

Among later poets, Huang Jingren also had contacts with Yuan Mei, and Zhang Wentao's poems were praised by Yuan Mei. he

Their works are full of personality and talent, expressing strong dissatisfaction with the feudal culture that suppressed human nature. In the art of poetry,

And the achievement is outstanding, praised people all say "Qianlong sixty years, poets first" (including "Qi Min".

Four techniques ").

Huang Jingren (1749— 1783) was born in Wujin, Jiangsu. I lost my father at the age of four because

If you are poor, you will run around to make a living in your early years. He used to be a scribe in Wuyingtang and later donated to the county magistrate. When he participated in the election, he was forced by the debtor.

Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province, wanted to go to xi 'an, and died of illness on the way, only 35 years old. And "being Xuan Ji". Huang Jingren has repeatedly responded.

If he fails in the exam, he will be down and out all his life and get sick, and the truth about his poor life has become the main content of his poems, such as I was born.

There are many things, and the circle becomes a flaw (Mid-Autumn Night Rain). "The whole family was in the wind, and the clothes were not cut in September.

Cut "("Doumen Qiu Si ")," Chai Men miserable snowy night, it is better to have children at this time "("Don't be an old mother "), are written.

The sorrow of the poor. But it is not enough to look at Huang Zhong in this way. In his poems, he often shows concern for people.

The value of dignity and the resulting loneliness. A typical example is Walking in a Tiger Circle, which describes a training he saw in Beijing.

Tiger performance, by depicting this beast driven by others, makes various seemingly majestic but actually "charming" gestures and expresses it.

In order to overcome the profound sorrow that human nature is distorted and loses its natural nature under the compulsion of ruling power, it calls for the return of heroic personality.

The potential significance of. The famous "Miscellaneous Feelings" wrote:

The immortal Buddha didn't make it, only knowing that the night was uneven. The wind shed is full of sad songs, and the mud is stained with poverty and happiness. Nine out of ten people.

As a scholar, it's useless to look down. Don't worry about poetry. Spring birds and autumn insects make their own voices.

Although this poem is depressed, it is arrogant and insists on making its own voice in the world.

Stubborn, you can still feel his indomitable character in the case of tossing and turning. This kind of poetry reflects the Qianlong period.

The revival and strengthening of individual consciousness in contemporary literature.

Huang Jingren's seven-character rhythmic poems (including ancient style and rhyme) can best show its unique temperament, and its style is deeply influenced by Tang poetry.

Influence, but out of the box.

Among the ancient poets, Huang Jingren admired Li Bai the most, saying that "my teacher is not public" (Taibai Tomb). But long

Wandering, hard and well-informed life also makes his poems (especially seven ancient poems) "beneficial and strange, which are thought by readers."

The Return of the Fairy (Huang Xiang by Hong), especially those who describe the magnificent flying scenery, openly express themselves.

The content of bold feelings clearly reveals the charm of Li Bai's poems, and also contains the elements of Han Yu's and Li He's poems. For example, write about the scenery of Qiantang River.

Tide: "Just now, I saw the Silver Mountain moving, and the bare coast has floated out of the sky. Xue Hao, Yan Jia, the female yin is six knots. "

At the age of twenty-four, he took part in an activity held in Zhu Jun (there was no Renhe River) to pick rocks in Taibailou.

Grand occasion, impromptu wrote "Mr. Li He Taibai Lou banquet, the meaning of drunkenness is not wine", the poem "is the day when flowers bloom on the river, and the Tianmen is bleak."

Double moth eyebrows. Deliberately and meticulously describe "the river flows from the loving mother to the rock edge, and the tide will flow to the natural rhinoceros pavilion next time". "The poem at the high meeting is at the top.

The name is not dead, Jong-gu. Please throw the poem into the river, and you won't follow the river. "Xu Xiasheng confidence all show.

Clearly feel the talent of the poet. It is said that this poem once stopped the literati attending the meeting, and people praised it for working with Wang Bo in Tengwangge.

Compared with fu.

Huang Jingren's seven-character edict is unique in style, natural and elegant in language and vivid and novel in image.

Emotional expression is very profound and meticulous, especially with the flavor of Li Shangyin's poems in the late Tang Dynasty, such as feeling old and past. "alone.

People who set up stone bridges don't know, and they have been watching for a long time like a week. "(New Year's Eve) wrote loneliness," This star seems to be different.

At night, the wind shows who stands in the middle of the night "("Seven Huai ") is good at writing about the suffering of acacia, and they are good at writing melancholy feelings with delicate words.

It's touching and unforgettable.

The theme of his poems is slightly narrow, but it is like "Dongye (Meng Jiao) poor life (Li He)" (Wu

The fate of Wei Guang's Preface to Poems of Two Parties Xuan).

At that time, he was, after all, the most poetic and talented, and the deep appeal of his poems has penetrated to the present.

Generation.

Zhang Wentao (1764— 18 14) was born in Suining, Sichuan. In the last years of Qianlong, he was awarded the inspection by imperial academy.

Please, Zeng Guan, magistrate of Laizhou. There is "Chuanshan Poetry and Grass".

Zhang Wentao's poetry theory is similar to Yuan Mei's, that is, "Poetry without me is better to be deleted" (Eight-part essay).

"Write your own real experience" and "A good poem is unreasonable" (on Twelve Poems). His poems express feelings.

And the spirit of freedom and liberation. For example, China's ancient poems rarely describe the intimate love life between lovers.

On the other hand, Zhang Wentao is not shy about this. One of the "gifts in the car" wrote:

Spring clothes are colder, and bells are far from dreams. Smile, the trunk is as stable as a house, and I sit up and take notice behind closed doors all day.

The mutual love between husband and wife is only the content of private life, but the poet thinks it is beautiful and moving.

And write it frankly. It's not that he doesn't know that this is against social customs and ethical dogma, almost at the same time.

Written in "Banzhutang Car", one is that "the woman in the car is beautiful, and the bottom of the pen is drunk" praises the beauty of his wife.

He also said: "Neo-Confucianism has never been passed down, and fragrant poems follow the wind." Laibeizi

The identity of a contemptuous Xiang Lian poet is a contemptuous and self-righteous neo-Confucian, which obviously shows his opposition to social and cultural traditions.

This gesture.

The Qianlong period was still the so-called "heyday" of the Qing Dynasty, but sensitive scholars have deeply felt the decline of this era.

Boredom and lack of vitality, as well as the suppression of personal creativity. Zhang Wentao wrote in the poem Lugou: "I am reading.

Nothing can be achieved in the world, because people are useless. In the past, heroes couldn't afford to make phone calls, singing songs and hanging ancient gold platforms. "

"Unsuccessful" refers to the depression of social, political and cultural conditions, and "wasting talents" refers to self-pity. yearn for

The spirit of freedom is often presented in the image of flying. As written in the poem "Out of the Stack", "Looking back at the pavilion, Wan

"A drunken man's sake is not wine" and "A drunken man's sake is not wine" written in "A drunken man's sake is not wine" are all wills eager to break free.

Portrait Another example is "Crossing Huangzhou":

Dragonflies leave the boat alone, and wear cold clothes in still water at night. I like crossing the river to the crane, and the moon over Huangzhou is like a dream.

It is also the image of flying freely, although the artistic conception is lonely and cold. This kind of spiritual agitation is uneasy in Yuan Mei's poems.

It is rare to see it now, but in Gong Zizhen's poems, it has a more arrogant and powerful performance. From Yuan Mei and Zhao Yi to Huang Jingren,

From Zhang Wentao to Gong Zizhen, the emphasis on self and the desire for spiritual expansion can indeed be regarded as a coherent development.

Process.

In the language art, most of Zhang Wentao's poems are simple and clever, pursuing "a hundred practices and simplicity" (on poetry

Twelve quatrains ") comes down in one continuous line with Yuan Mei.

From the last years of Qianlong to the early years of Daoguang, there were still poets such as, Hong, Peng Zhaosun, and Wang Tan.

Introduction. As for Gong Zizhen, the most important one, there will be a special section at the end of this chapter to discuss his literary thoughts and poems.

For the merger.