1. 1 Introduction-Linear Regulator and Buck, Boost and Reverse Switching Regulator

1.2 linear regulator-energy consumption regulator

The basic working principle of 1.2. 1

1.2.2 disadvantages of linear regulator

Power loss of 1.2.3 series transistors

1.2.4 relationship between efficiency of linear regulator and output voltage

1.2.5 series PNP transistor low power linear regulator

1.3 switching regulator topology

Buck switching regulator

1. 3. 2 Main current waveform of buck regulator

1. 3. 3 Efficiency of buck regulator

1. 3. 4 Efficiency of buck regulator (considering AC switching loss)

1.3.5 ideal switching frequency selection

1.3.6 design example

1.3.7 output capacitance

1.3.8 Voltage regulation of buck regulator with DC isolated regulation output

1.4 topology of boost switching regulator

The basic principle of 1.4. 1

1. 4. 2 discontinuous operation mode of boost regulator

1. 4. 3 continuous operation mode of boost regulator

1.4.4 Design of Step-up Regulator in Intermittent Working Mode

1. 4. 5 Relationship between Boost Regulator and Flyback Converter

1.5 reverse polarity boost regulator

The basic working principle of 1.5. 1

1.5.2 design relation of reverse polarity regulator

refer to

Chapter 2 topology of push-pull forward converter

2. 1 Introduction

2.2 push-pull topology

2.2. 1 basic principle (main/auxiliary output structure)

2.2.2 Input load adjustment rate of auxiliary output

2.2.3 Auxiliary output voltage deviation

2.2.4 Minimum current limit of main output inductor

2.2.5 magnetic flux imbalance in push-pull topology (bias saturation phenomenon)

2.2.6 Performance of magnetic flux imbalance

Measurement of magnetic flux imbalance

2.2.8 Solutions to magnetic flux imbalance

Power transformer design

2.2. 10 peak current and root mean square current of primary/secondary winding

2.2. 1 1 peak voltage stress and leakage inductance of switch tube

2.2. 12 power switch tube loss

Limitation of output power and input voltage of push-pull topology

2.2. 14 output filter design

2.3 Forward Converter Topology

2.3. 1 Basic working principle

2.3.2 Design relationship between output/input voltage, on-time and turns ratio

Auxiliary output voltage

2.3.4 Current of secondary load, freewheeling diode and inductor

2.3.5 Relationship among primary current, output power and input voltage

2.3.6 Maximum off voltage stress of power switch tube

2.3.7 actual input voltage and output power limit

2.3.8 Forward converter with unequal power and reset winding turns

2.3.9 electromagnetic theory of forward converter

2.3. 10 power transformer design

Output filter design

2.4 Topology of Double Forward Converter

2.4. 1 basic principles

2.4.2 Design Principles and Transformer Design

2.5 staggered forward converter topology

2.5. 1 Basic working principle, advantages and disadvantages and output power limit

Design of transformer

2.5.3 Design of output filter

refer to

Chapter 3 Topology of Half-bridge and Full-bridge Converter

3. 1 Introduction

3.2 Half-bridge converter topology

3.2. 1 working principle

3.2.2 Magnetic Design of Half-bridge Converter

3.2.3 Design of output filter

3.2.4 Choose DC blocking capacitor to prevent magnetic flux imbalance.

3.2.5 Leakage inductance of half-bridge converter

3.2.6 Comparison between Half-bridge Converter and Double Forward Converter

3.2.7 Limit of actual output power of half-bridge converter

3.3 Full-bridge converter topology

3.3. 1 Basic working principle

3.3.2 Magnetic Design of Full-bridge Converter

Calculation of output filter

3.3.4 Selection of primary DC blocking capacitor of transformer

Chapter 4 Flyback Converter

4. 1 Introduction

4.2 Basic working principle of flyback converter

4.3 Flyback Converter Working Mode

4.4 Intermittent working mode

4.4. 1 Relationship between input voltage and output voltage and on-time and output load

4.4.2 Transition from intermittent mode to continuous mode

4.4.3 Basic working principle of continuous mode of flyback converter

4.5 Design Principles and Steps

4.5. 1 Step 1: Determine the primary/secondary turns ratio.

4.5.2 Step 2: Ensure that the core is not saturated and the circuit always works in DCM mode.

4.5.3 Step 3: Adjust the primary inductance according to the minimum output resistance and DC input voltage.

4.5.4 Step 4: Calculate the maximum voltage stress and peak current of the switch tube.

4.5.5 Step 5: Calculate the effective values of primary current and wire size.

4.5.6 Step 6: Effective values of secondary current and wire size

4.6 Design example of flyback converter in intermittent mode

4.6. Electromagnetic principle of1flyback topology

4.6.2 Ferrite core with air gap to prevent saturation.

4.6.3 MPP core is used to prevent saturation.

4.6.4 Disadvantages of Flyback Converter

4.7 120V/220V AC input flyback converter

4.8 Design Principles of Continuous Mode Flyback Converter

Relationship between output voltage and on-time

4.8.2 Relationship between input and output current and power

4.8.3 Current ramp amplitude in continuous mode with minimum DC input

4.8.4 Design Example of Intermittent and Continuous Mode Flyback Converter

4.9 Interlaced Flyback Converter

4.9. 1 Interleaved Flyback Converter Secondary Current Overlap

4. 10 double-ended (two switches) intermittent mode flyback converter

4. 10. 1 application occasions

4. 10.2 basic working principle

4. Leakage inductance effect of10.3 double-ended flyback converter

refer to

Chapter 5 Current Mode and Current Feed Topology

5. 1 Introduction

5. 1. 1 current mode control

5. 1.2 current feed topology

5.2 Current Mode Control

5.2. 1 Advantages of current mode control

5.3 Comparison of Current Mode and Voltage Mode Control Circuits

5.3. 1 voltage mode control circuit

5.3.2 Current Mode Control Circuit

5.4 Detailed description of advantages of current mode

5.4. 1 Adjustment of input network pressure

Prevent magnetic bias

5.4.3 In small signal analysis, the output inductance can be omitted to simplify the design of feedback loop.

5.4.4 Load current adjustment principle

5.5 Shortcomings and problems of the current model

5.5. 1 ratio of constant peak current to average output current

5.5.2 Response to output inductor current disturbance

5.5.3 Current mode slope compensation

5.5.4 Slope compensation of voltage with positive slope

5.5.5 Realization of slope compensation

5.6 Comparison of characteristics between voltage-fed topology and current-fed topology

Introduction and definition

5.6.2 disadvantages of voltage-fed PWM full-bridge converter

5.6.3Buck Basic working principle of buck voltage-fed full-bridge topology

5. 6. 4 Advantages of full-bridge topology fed by step-down voltage

5. 6. 5 Disadvantages of step-down voltage-fed PWM full-bridge circuit

5. 6. 6 Full-bridge topology fed by step-down current-basic working principle

5.6.7 Flyback Current Feed Push-Pull Topology (Weinberg Circuit)

refer to

Chapter 6 Other Topologies

6. Overview of1SCR resonant topology

6.2 Basic working principle of SCR and ASCR

6.3 Single-ended resonant inverter topology using resonant sinusoidal anode current to turn off SCR

6.4 Overview of SCR resonant bridge topology

6.4. 1 Basic working principle of thyristor half-bridge resonant converter with series load

6.4.2 Design and calculation of SCR half-bridge resonant converter with series load

6.4.3 Design example of SCR half-bridge resonant converter with series load

6.4.4 SCR half-bridge resonant converter with parallel load

6.4.5 Topology design of single-ended thyristor resonant converter

Topology overview of 6.5Cuk converter

6.5. Basic working principle of1cuk converter

6.5.2 Relationship between Output/Input Voltage Ratio and Switching Transistor Q 1 On Time

6.5.3 Current change rate of L1and L2

6.5.4 Measures to Eliminate Input Current Ripple

6.5.5Cuk isolated output of Cuk converter

6.6 Topology Overview of Low Power Auxiliary Power Supply

6.6. 1 auxiliary power grounding problem

Optional auxiliary power supply

6.6.3 Typical circuit of auxiliary power supply

6.6.4 Basic working principle of auxiliary power supply for Royer oscillator

6.6.5 Simple Flyback Converter as Auxiliary Power Supply

6.6.6 Buck regulator as auxiliary power supply (output with DC isolation)

refer to

Chapter VII Design of Transformer and Magnetic Components

7. 1 Introduction

7.2 Selection of transformer core material, geometric structure and peak magnetic flux density

7.2. 1 Relationship between iron loss and frequency and magnetic flux density of several commonly used ferrite materials

7.2.2 Geometric dimensions of ferrite core

7.2.3 Selection of Peak Magnetic Flux Density

7.3 Selection of maximum output power of iron core, peak magnetic flux density, area of iron core and skeleton and coil current density

7.3. Derivation of Topological Output Power Formula of1Converter

7.3.2 Derivation of output power formula of push-pull converter

7.3.3 Derivation of Output Power Formula of Half-bridge Topology

7.3.4 Derivation of full-bridge topology output power formula

7.3.5 Determine the magnetic core and working frequency by looking up the table.

7.4 Calculation of Temperature Rise of Transformer

7.5 Copper Loss in Transformer

7.5. 1 Introduction

Skin effect

7.5.3 Skin Effect-Quantitative Analysis

7.5.4 AC /DC impedance ratio of different wire diameters at different frequencies

7.5.5 Skin effect of rectangular wave current [14]

proximity effect

7.6 Introduction: Use the area product (AP) method to design inductors and magnetic components.

7.6. Advantages of1AP method

Inductor design

7.6.3 Signal Level Low Power Inductor

Input filter inductance

7.6.5 Design example: 60Hz*** mode input filter inductor

7.6.6 Differential mode input filter inductance

7.7 Magnetism: Introduction to Inductance of Choke with Large DC Bias Current

7.7. 1 Formula, unit and chart

7.7.2 Magnetization curve with DC bias.

Magnetic field intensity Hdc

7.7.4 Method of increasing choke inductance or rated DC offset

Magnetic flux density δ b

The role of air gap

increase of temperature

7.8 Magnetic Design-Brief Introduction of Choke Core Materials

7.8. 1 Suitable for choke coil materials with low AC stress.

7.8.2 Suitable for choke materials with high AC stress.

7.8.3 Suitable for medium-range choke coil materials.

7.8.4 Saturation characteristics of magnetic core materials

7.8.5 Loss characteristics of magnetic core materials

Saturation characteristics of materials

Material permeability parameter

cost of material

7.8.9 Determine the optimal size and shape of the magnetic core.

7.8. 10 magnetic core material selection summary

7.9 Magnetism: Example of Throttle Design

7.9. 1 choke design example: ferrite core with air gap.

7.9.2 Step 1: Determine the inductance required for 20% ripple current.

7.9.3 Step 2: Determine the area product (AP)

7.9.4 Step 3: Calculate the minimum number of laps.

7.9.5 Step 4: Calculate the air gap of the iron core.

7.9.6 Step 5: Determine the best steel wire diameter.

7.9.7 Step 6: Calculate the optimal wire diameter.

7.9.8 Step 7: Calculate the winding resistance.

Step 8: Determine the power loss.

7.9. 10 Step 9: Temperature rise prediction-area product method

7.9. 1 1 Step 10: Check the iron loss.

7. 10 Magnetism: Design of Powder Core Choke —— Brief Introduction

7. 10. 1 Factors affecting the selection of iron core materials

7. Saturation characteristics of10.2 powder core material

7. Loss characteristics of10.3 powder core material

7. 10.4 copper consumption-limiting factors of choke design under low AC stress.

7. 10.5 iron loss-the factor limiting the design of choke under high AC stress.

7. 10.6 Choke Design under Moderate AC Stress

7. 10.7 saturation characteristics of magnetic core materials

7. 10.8 Geometric structure of magnetic core

7. 10.9 material cost

7. 1 1 Choke design example: Design a choke with copper consumption limited by ring Kool Mμ material.

7. Introduction to11.1

7. 1 1.2 Select the core size according to the product method of energy storage and area.

7. 1 1.3 Design example of choke restricted by copper consumption

7. 12 Design examples of various E-shaped powder core chokes

7. 12. 1 Introduction

7. 12.2 the first example: design a choke with #40E iron powder core material.

7. 12.3 second example: design choke with #8E iron powder core.

7. 12.4 third example: design choke with # 60 e-shaped Kool Mμ core.

7. 13 design example of variable inductance choke: design a choke restricted by copper consumption by using e-shaped Kool Mμ core.

7. 13. 1 variable inductance choke

7. 13.2 design example of variable inductance choke

refer to

Chapter 8 Base Driving Circuit of Bipolar High Power Transistor

8. 1 Introduction

8.2 Main objectives of ideal base driving circuit of bipolar transistor

Sufficient current during conduction

8.2.2 Basic overdrive peak input current Ib 1

8.2.3 Turn off the instantaneous reverse base current spike Ib2.

8.2.4 The reverse voltage peak between the base and emitter at the turn-off moment is-1~-5V.

8.2.5 Baker clamp circuit (circuit that can meet the working requirements of high and low beta transistors at the same time)

Improvement of driving efficiency

8.3 Baker Clamping Circuit Coupled with Transformer

8.3. Working principle of1Baker pliers

8.3.2 Baker's Clamp Circuit with Transformer Coupling

8.3.3 Baker clamp combined with integrated transformer

8.3.4 Baker Clamping Circuit in Darlington Tube

Proportional foundation drive

8.3.6 Other types of basic driving circuits

refer to

Chapter 9 MOSFET and IGBT and their driving circuits

9. Overview of1MOSFET

9. Overview of1.1IGBT

9. 1.2 changes in power supply industry

9. Influence of1.3 on New Circuit Design

9.2 basic working principle of MOSFET tube

9.2. 1MOSFET output characteristics (Id-Vds)

9.2.2 On-state impedance rds(on) of MOSFET tube

9.2.3 Miller Effect of Input Impedance and Gate Current of MOSFET

9.2.4 Calculate the rising and falling time of the gate voltage to obtain the ideal rising and falling time of the drain current.

9.2.5MOSFET tube gate drive circuit

9.2.6 rds temperature characteristics and safe working area of MOSFET tube

9.2.7MOSFET gate threshold voltage and its temperature characteristics

9.2.8 Switching speed and temperature characteristics of MOSFET tube

9.2.9 rated current of MOSFET tube

9.2. 10MOSFET tubes work in parallel.

9.2. 1 1 MOSFET in push-pull topology

9.2. Maximum gate voltage of12 MOSFET.

9.2. Body diode between source and drain of13 MOSFET tube

9.3 Overview of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

9.3. 1 Select the appropriate IGBT.

9.3.2IGBT Overview of IGBT Structure

Working characteristics of GBT

IGBT used in parallel

Technical parameters and maximum rating

Static electrical characteristics

dynamic characteristics

Temperature and mechanical characteristics

refer to

Chapter 10 magnetic amplifier rear regulator

10. 1 Introduction

10.2 linear regulator and buck regulator

Overview of 10.3 magnetic amplifier

10.3. 1 square hysteresis loop core for fast switching

10.3.2 closing and opening time of magnetic amplifier

10.3.3 magnetic amplifier core reset and voltage stabilization

10.3.4 Turn off the auxiliary output with a magnetic amplifier.

10.3.5 characteristics of square hysteresis loop iron core and several common iron cores

10.3.6 calculation of iron loss and temperature rise

10.3.7 —— Design example of magnetic amplifier's back-stage rectifier.

10.3.8 gain of magnetic amplifier

10.3.9 magnetic amplifier output of push-pull circuit

10.4 magnetic amplifier pulse width modulator and error amplifier

10.4. 1 pulse width modulation and error amplification circuit of magnetic amplifier

refer to

Chapter 1 1 Switch loss analysis and load line shaping buffer circuit design

1 1. 1 Introduction

1 1.2 transistor turn-off loss without snubber circuit

1 1.3RCD closes the buffer circuit.

Selection of Capacitors in 1 1.4RCD Buffer Circuit

1 1.5 design example -RCD buffer circuit

1 1.5. 1 RCD buffer circuit is connected to the positive pole of power supply.

1 1.6 lossless buffer circuit

1 1.7 load line shaping (buffer for reducing peak voltage and preventing transistor from secondary breakdown)

1 1.8 transformer lossless snubber circuit

refer to

Chapter 12 Stability of feedback loop

12. 1 Introduction

12.2 system oscillation principle

1 gain criterion of circuit stability

Gain slope criterion of 12.2.2 circuit stability

12.2.3 gain characteristics of output LC filter (output capacitor with or without ESR)

12.2.4 gain of pulse width modulator

12.2.5LC output filter plus total gain of modulator and sampling network.

Design of Amplitude-frequency Characteristic Curve of 12.3 Error Amplifier

Transfer function, poles and zeros of 12.4 error amplifier

12.5 gain slope variation caused by zero and pole frequency

Derivation of transfer function of 12.6 single-zero single-pole error amplifier

12.7 Calculate the phase shift according to the zero and pole positions of Type 2 error amplifier.

12.8 LC filter phase shift considering ESR

12.9 design example-stability of feedback loop of forward converter with type 2 error amplifier

12. 103 Application and transfer function of error amplifier

12. 1 13 error amplifier's phase lag caused by the position of zero and pole.

12. 123 schematic diagram, transfer function and zero and pole positions of error amplifier.

12. 13 Design Example —— Stabilizing Forward Converter with Feedback Loop of Type 3 Error Amplifier

12. 143 component selection of error amplifier

12. 15 The feedback system is stable.

Stability of Flyback Converter in 12. 16 Intermittent Mode

12. 16. 1 DC gain from the error amplifier to the output voltage node.

12. 16.2 Transfer function from output terminal of error amplifier to output voltage node of flyback converter in discontinuous mode

Transfer function of flyback converter error amplifier in discontinuous mode 12. 17

12. 18 Design Example-Stability of Flyback Converter in Intermittent Mode

12. 19 transconductance error amplifier

refer to

Chapter 13 resonant converter

13. 1 Introduction

13.2 resonant converter

13.3 resonant forward converter

13.3. 1 measured waveform of resonant forward converter

Working mode of 13.4 resonant converter

13.4. 1 discontinuous mode and continuous mode; Overresonance mode and under-resonance mode.

13.5 resonant half-bridge converter in continuous mode

Parallel resonant converter (PRC) and series resonant converter (SRC)

13.5.2 AC equivalent circuit and gain curve of resonant half-bridge converter with series load and parallel load in continuous mode

Regulation (CCM) 13.5.3 of series load resonant half-bridge converter in continuous mode

13.5.4 adjustment of parallel load resonant half-bridge converter in continuous mode

13.5.5 series/parallel resonant converter in continuous mode

Zero-voltage switching quasi-resonant converter in continuous mode

Overview of 13.6 resonant power supply

refer to

Chapter 14 Typical waveforms of switching power supply

14. 1 Introduction

14.2 Forward converter waveform

Vds and Id waveforms measured at 14.2. 180% rated load.

14.2.240% waveform of Vdc and Ids under rated load.

14.2.3 The voltage and drain current between the drain and the source overlap during on/off.

14.2.4 phase relation of leakage current, voltage between drain and source and voltage waveform between gate and source.

14.2.5 transformer secondary voltage, rising and falling time of output inductor current, and drain-source voltage waveform of power transistor.

14.2.6 Figure 14. 1 Key Point Waveforms of Forward Converter PWM Driver Chip (UC3525A).

Overview of 14.3 push-pull topology waveform

14.3. 1 the sum of the maximum, rated and minimum power supply voltages and the current at the center tap of the transformer when the load current is maximum.

Voltage between drain and source of switch tube

14.3.2 waveform of Vds with two switches and magnetic flux density of iron core in dead time.

14.3.3 waveform of gate-source voltage, drain-source voltage and leakage current

14.3.4 Drain current measured by transformer drain current probe and center tap current probe respectively.

Waveform comparison

14.3.5 output ripple voltage and rectifier cathode voltage

14.3.6 rectifier cathode voltage oscillation phenomenon when the switch tube is on.

14.3.7 AC switching loss caused by the superposition of falling leakage current and rising drain-source voltage when the switch tube is turned off.

14.3.820% of the maximum output power, and the waveforms of drain-source voltage and leakage current measured at the center tap of the transformer.

Waveforms of drain current and drain voltage when the maximum output power is 14.3.920%.

Voltage waveform between the drain and source of two switches when the maximum output power is 14.3. 1020%.

14.3. 1 1 Waveforms of output inductor current and rectifier cathode voltage.

14.3. 12 output rectifier cathode voltage waveform when the output current is greater than the minimum output current.

14.3. 13 phase relationship between gate-source voltage and leakage current waveform

14.3. 14 Current waveform of rectifier diode (transformer secondary)

14.3. 15 The phenomenon that the excitation current is too large or the DC output current is too small, and it is "turned on" twice every half cycle.

Waveforms of drain current and drain voltage when the power of 14.3. 16 is higher than the rated maximum output power of 15%.

Drain voltage oscillation in dead time of switch tube

14.4 Flyback Topology Waveform

1 Introduction

Under the condition of 14.4.290% full load, when the input voltage is its minimum value, maximum value and rated value, the drain current and source current.

voltage waveform

14.4.3 output voltage and current waveforms of rectifier input.

14.4.4 Current waveform of buffer capacitor at the moment when the switch tube is turned off

refer to

Chapter 15 power factor and power factor correction

15. 1 power factor

15.2 power factor correction of switching power supply

15.3 basic circuit for correcting power factor

Comparison of power factor correction of 15. 3. 1 Boost circuit in continuous and discontinuous working modes

15.3.2 adjustment of voltage change of input power grid by boost converter in continuous operation mode

15.3.3 Adjustment of load current change of boost converter in continuous operation mode

15.4 integrated circuit chip for power factor correction

15.4. 1 power factor correction chip Unitrode UC3854

15.4.2 Using UC3854 to realize sinusoidal input current.

15.4.3 use UC3854 to keep the output voltage constant.

15.4.4 uses UC3854 chip to control the output power of power supply.

15.4.5 using UC3854 chip to select the switching frequency of boost circuit.

15. 4. 6 Selection of Boost Output Inductance L 1

15. 4. 7 Selection of Boost Output Capacitor

Peak current limit 15.4.8UC3854

Design the stable feedback loop of UC3854

15.5 Motorola MC3426 1 power factor correction chip

Detailed description 15.5. 1 Motorola MC3426 1 (figure 15. 1 1).

The internal logic and structure of 15.5.2MC3426 1 (Figure 15. 1 1 and 15.6438+02).

15.5.3 calculation of switching frequency and L 1 inductance

15.5.4MC3426 1 Select current detection resistor (R9) and multiplier input resistor network (R3 and R7)

refer to

Chapter 16 electronic ballast-high frequency power supply for fluorescent lamps

16. 1 introduction: electromagnetic ballast

16.2 physical characteristics and types of fluorescent lamps

16.3 arc characteristics

Arc characteristics of 1 at DC voltage

16.3.2 AC driven fluorescent lamp

16.3.3 volt-ampere characteristics of fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast

16.4 electronic ballast circuit

General characteristics of 16.5DC/AC inverter

16.6 DC/AC inverter topology

16.6. 1 current-fed push-pull topology

16.6.2 voltage and current of current-fed push-pull topology

16.6.3 Amplitude of "current-fed" inductance in current-fed topology

16.6.4 selection of specific magnetic core in current-fed inductor

16.6.5 design of current-fed inductor

16.6.6 ferrite core transformer in current-fed topology

16.6.7 toroidal core transformer with current feed topology

16.7 voltage-fed push-pull topology

16.8 current-fed parallel resonant half-bridge topology

Voltage-fed series resonant half-bridge topology

16. 10 packaging of electronic ballast

refer to

Chapter 17 Low input voltage converters for notebook computers and portable electronic devices

17. 1 Introduction

17.2 low input voltage chip converter supplier

17.3 step-up and step-down converters of linear technology company

17.3. 1 lingte LT 1 170 boost converter

Main waveforms of LT 1 170 boost converter

Thermal effect of 17.3.3IC converter

Other applications of17.3.4lt1170 boost converter.

17.3.5LTC other high-power boost converters

17. 3. 6 component selection of boost converter

17.3.7 lingte buck converter series

Other applications of 17.3.8LT 1074 buck converter

17.3.9LTC high-efficiency high-power buck converter

Summary of 17.3. 10 Ling ultra-high power Buck converter

17.3. 1 1 LINT low power converter

17.3. 12 feedback loop stability

17.4 maximum converter chip

17.5 distributed power supply system composed of chip products