16 Zhao Dongri went to Beiping from his hometown in the northeast to attend high school, 1934 was 20 years old.

Traveling to Japan began the most important stage of university study in seven years. After graduating from the preparatory class for three years, he was promoted to Waseda University in Japan, majoring in architecture. According to his own words, he actually went to Japan with the idea of learning civil engineering; Because it was practical to study civil engineering at that time, I somehow applied for architecture, as if it had something to do with architecture. At this time, Zhao Dongri accepted the influence of Marxism-Leninism. During my study in Japan, I have been engaged in revolutionary work while studying under the leadership of the party organization. 194 1 After graduating from Waseda University in Japan, I returned to Beiping. In order to continue his underground work, he engaged in architectural design in a North China Railway Office in Japan, and then went to teach at the Institute of Technology of Peking University. 1945 After Japan surrendered, he became a professor of architecture at Northeastern University. 1948 moved back to Beiping with Northeastern University, and then taught at Beiyang University. During these 7-8 years, Zhao Dongri worked underground as a university professor and architect, and he got to know Comrade Liu Ren and other revolutionary leaders who later became the deputy secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee.

Zhao Dongri thinks that although these years are the prime time of his career, he can't devote himself to architectural creation because he wants to spend more time and energy on revolutionary work. So really engaged in planning, construction and architectural design began after liberation 1949. For the planning and design of Tiananmen Square, Zhao Dongri conceived this way: Tiananmen Square is the center of the capital, located at the intersection of the vertical and horizontal axes of the city, surrounded by tall and solemn buildings, with a vast and flat site, above which are

The endless blue sky, all these constitute the grand spirit of the square. Square adopts symmetrical layout, Tiananmen Square and Zhengyang Gate are located on the central axis, the facade of the monument is in the center of the square, and the layout of trees and lamp posts is also symmetrical. All these make the square look neat, simple and lively. The colors of the new buildings in the square are mainly bright, with yellow-green glazed tile eaves, light orange walls and reddish granite abutments, and the colors are pleasant and clear; Compared with the old Tiananmen Square with yellow tiles and red walls and Bai Yushi railings, it has achieved a harmonious and contrasting effect. All kinds of trees are planted around the square. Pinus tabulaeformis is evergreen all the year round, vigorous and tall, snowy in winter, full of pine trees, and has another scenery; Willow is soft and natural, spring comes early and green, which is the spring news of Square Morning Post. Acer truncatum is neat and full, and the leaves turn red in autumn, adding new clothes to the square. They reflect each other and have countless colors. A large area of lawns and flower beds have been planted around the square and south of the monument, which also adds lively colors to the square. The magnificent Great Hall of the People

1In August, 958, Zhao Dongri attended the FIA conference in the Soviet Union and visited Moscow. After returning to Beijing in early September, he devoted himself to the design of the Great Hall of the People.

At that time, the requirements for the construction of the auditorium were both simple and difficult. The simple thing is that as long as there is an auditorium of 10,000 people and a banquet hall of 5,000 people, the office building of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is satisfied. The difficulty lies in the integration of such a large-scale building, which has no precedent in the world. ? 1958 10 10/4, an ordinary and extraordinary day. This day is unforgettable for Zhao Dongri. In the afternoon, Zhao Dongri was ordered to come to the Xihuating in Zhongnanhai, waiting for Premier Zhou Enlai's interview.

On that day, Premier Zhou had just returned to Beijing from other places. Despite his fatigue, he listened to the report on the design of the Great Hall of the People. The three plans submitted on that day were designed by Tsinghua University, the Municipal Construction Institute and the Municipal Planning Bureau (designed by Zhao Dongri and Shen Qi). Premier Zhou first looked at the plan and perspective of the three designs, and then listened to the introduction of the designers. Premier Zhou asked questions while comparing. Finally, Premier Zhou asked Wan Li: What is Beijing's opinion? Wan Li made a report on the proposal of Zhao Dongri and Shen Qi. Premier Zhou read it again and again, compared it again and again, and solicited the opinions of the people present again and again. Finally, he decided to adopt the plan of the Municipal Planning Bureau, and the specific design of the project was undertaken by the Municipal Construction Institute.

Tired and thinking day and night, I finally got the result. Zhao Dongri's mood at this time is difficult to express in words. He has only one wish: he must cooperate with the architect to realize the plan. The Great Hall of the People completed in 380 days

At that time, Zhao Dongri was the director of the technical office of the Planning Bureau. He was the designer of the Beijing Municipal Committee Building, so he was trusted by Liu Ren, then the second secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee. After the Planning Bureau went from the "behind the scenes" to the "in front of the stage" of the design of the Great Hall, Liu Ren personally found Zhao Dongri and put forward a bold idea-"The building area is 70,000 square meters, which is not considered. The planned land area of 140m× 270m is not considered. Break the barriers, start a new stove and design a brand-new Great Hall of 10,000 people. " According to this idea, Zhao Dongri and his colleagues comfortably made a new design scheme-the plane of the Great Hall is convex, and the grand banquet hall, auditorium and office building of the Standing Committee are arranged in turn from north to south. The three parts are connected by the central hall, the banquet hall is placed on the second floor, and the auditorium is moved to the west side of the center. As for the facade scheme, it follows the western colonnade structure approved by the Prime Minister in previous rounds of design.

The plan of the Planning Bureau perfectly solved the problem that the previous design of the Great Hall was too stingy, and only supported this magnificent momentum, which was as high as 6.5438+0.7 million square meters, more than double the standard. The scale of land originally "matched" with the museum has also made a great breakthrough-210m× 340m, almost doubled than before. However, no one knows whether this plan can be passed in the end. Not to mention that the central government has never explicitly relaxed the limit of 70,000 square meters. Seeing that the anniversary is approaching day by day in ten years, the construction of an additional 654.38 million square meters will obviously extend the construction period. More importantly, 6.5438+0.7 million square meters has exceeded the total construction area of the Forbidden City. It's easy to draw on drawings. Can we really turn it into reality? It is said that the reason why the Prime Minister chose the plan of the Planning Bureau regardless of the over-standard area of 65,438+10,000 square meters is mainly because he took a fancy to two points: First, the auditoriums designed by the Planning Bureau all adopted the proportion of ordinary buildings, but the scale was boldly doubled, which made them look different; Second, there is a spacious central hall in the center of the General Assembly Hall, which can be used as a rest hall or a commemorative event. Moreover, at that time, the central government planned to put a portrait of Chairman Mao here.

It happened that these two "bright spots" caused an uproar in China's construction industry, and Zhou Enlai seemed to have anticipated this. From the moment he selected the plan of the Planning Bureau, he repeatedly told the architects who participated in the next construction design:

"The design of the Great Hall should not be completed immediately, but leave room. It can be built in one year and repaired in five years. "

The time when the Prime Minister selected the plan of the Planning Bureau was 0: 00 in the morning of 1958 15 10. Sure enough, just a few hours later, the design was revised for the first time-the width of the banquet hall at the northern end of the General Assembly Hall on the drawing was108m, while the distance from the north wall of the General Assembly Hall to Zhongshan Park was180m. Liu Ren thought that the two were out of proportion, so he added four "legs" to the hall without affecting the overall structure, which changed the whole building from a "convex" shape.

The determination of the "shape" of the Great Hall has also successfully completed the planning of Tiananmen Square: the Revolutionary History Museum and the Great Hall of 10,000 people are arranged on the east and west sides of the northern part of the square, and both buildings adopt colonnade structure, forming a comparative relationship between "corridor" and "column". Together with Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall, they set off the magnificent momentum of Tiananmen Square. 1997 at the Beijing exchange meeting between Chinese and Japanese designers in April, the famous Japanese architect Isozaki Shin sincerely praised: "Tiananmen Square is really great. In Japan, where there are many high-rise buildings, there is no such national shopping mall. "

Hou Renzhi, a famous historical geographer, spoke highly of Tiananmen Square. He believes that the reconstruction and expansion project of Tiananmen Square can be regarded as the second milestone in Beijing's urban planning history after the completion of the Forbidden City. In his later years, Zhao Dongri commemorated the appointment of the General Assembly Hall.

Zhao Dongri, the chief architect, is the first batch of architectural design masters in China. For more than 50 years, he has left a series of remarkable spiritual wealth for China's architecture and capital construction with his unique demeanor. A few days ago, on the eve of Zhao Zong's 85th birthday, Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute edited and published a commemorative album, Selected Works of Architectural Design Master Zhao Dongri. In the preface, Wu Diwen de aptly described Zhao Zong's achievements: "For decades, Zhao Zong worked in the era of economic development in China and cultivated in the capital with the largest urban construction scale and quantity. Showed his talent and carried out his planning and creation. The planning and design of Tiananmen Square and the Great Hall of the People, which people all over the country love and people all over the world pay attention to, all contain Zhao Zong's foresight and wisdom. Zhao Zong failed to live up to the mission entrusted to him by the times and regions. With wisdom, reference and innovation, he constantly sought, sublimated his academic thoughts, and created his own works that were extraordinary and left in the world. "

In the past 50 years, Zhao Dongri has been engaged in planning and design, presided over and directed dozens of architectural creation projects; He has published more than 0/00 papers on theoretical exploration and creative practice of the central axis of the capital, theater space, hospital buildings and residential design. It is particularly important to note that some architectural criticism articles by Zhao Zong were his speeches at symposiums held all over the country during his tenure as a member and consultant of the editorial board of Journal of Architecture, involving some problems in the theory and practice of urban planning, urban design and architectural design in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Chengdu and Xinjiang. Although it is an impromptu speech, it is a portrayal of his accumulation and "learning everywhere". Seemingly relaxed and natural, in fact, it has long been remembered. They are magnificent or hit the nail on the head, with clear views and thorough analysis. As the goal pursued by junior colleagues and the template for learning, the words of the editorial board of Selected Works of Architectural Design Master Zhao Dongri are summarized as follows:

His professional concept and sense of responsibility that "the duty of an architect is not only architectural design, but also urban planning";

His studious attitude, willingness to work, and innovative consciousness of inheriting and learning from others and daring to "surpass predecessors and come from behind";

His courage and boldness in urban planning and architectural design;

He devoted himself to the design of residential buildings and public buildings;

He summed up the enterprising spirit of improvement in time after design and creation;

He is good at capturing and using useful information.

Dare to break through and innovate, the scheme creation of the Great Hall of the People shows his talent, courage, courage and attainments. The planning scheme of Tiananmen Square is a leading urban design masterpiece after the founding of New China. In this grand and spectacular idea, there is his wisdom, his efforts and his sweat. More than 50 years have passed, and I have been exploring and thinking about the urban planning and construction of Beijing. The planning idea of Beijing's east-west axis fully embodies his ideological policy of "combining history with modernity" On April 3rd, 2005, Mr. Zhao Dongri, a master architect in China and chief architect of Beijing Architectural Design Institute, passed away at the age of 9 1.